Manipulation of the gut microbiome in gluten-intolerance

Abstract

Purpose of review Gluten is a complex mixture of highly immunogenic glutamine- and proline-rich proteins found in some cereals. In celiac disease (CeD), gluten triggers an autoimmune response due to its interaction with the human leukocyte antigen heterodimers that confer the genetic risk. The involvement of gluten in other disorders has also been investigated, but its role beyond CeD is still unclear. Here, we review the most recent evidence of the involvement of gluten in diseases and the opportunities of manipulating the gut microbiota to treat or prevent gluten-related conditions. Recent findings Most of the new studies have been conducted in the context of CeD, where important evidence has been gained on associations between the gut microbiota, genotype, and environmental factors such as breastfeeding and antibiotics. The role of the microbiota has been investigated in several prospective, observational and interventional studies with probiotics, which together showed that the gut microbiota could be targeted to ameliorate and aid in the prevention of CeD development. Summary Several studies have evidenced how genetic and environmental factors influence the gut microbiome with consequences in CeD. These findings could inspire the development of microbiota modulation strategies to support the prevention or treatment of CeD.

Gut Microbiota Alteration and Its Modulation with Probiotics in Celiac Disease

“…To understand the role of some bacterial clusters in the modulation of the immune response, De Palma et al [22] evaluated the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum alone or with celiac disease triggers on peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, comparing these effects with those of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis. In this study, it was noted that Gram-negative bacteria induced a greater Th-1 secretion response to proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of other mechanisms such as IFN-c, IL-12, HLA-DR, and CD40 compared with Bifidobacteria species [21]. On the other hand, the latter increased the expression of CD83, which is a marker of mature dendritic cells.…”

“…Studies on infants [20] have shown that infants with a high genetic risk of CD have gut microbiota comprising higher proportions of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and lower proportions of Bifidobacteria and Actinobacteria. Other studies [21,22] have reported that milk feeding plus the HLA-DQ genotype has an impact on infant gut microbiota compositions. Gut bacteria such as the Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium strains may have some advantages in patients with a high risk of CD.…”

“…On the other hand, the latter increased the expression of CD83, which is a marker of mature dendritic cells. The authors, therefore, concluded that the microbiota could regulate monocytes and the IFN reaction to gliadin locally [21]. Another study by Laparra and colleagues [44] evaluated other strains of Bifidobacteria, which also are able to improve the altered bacterial composition of patients with celiac disease by reducing inflammation.…”

Gut microbiota and prospects for probiotics in paediatric celiac disease

“…Исследования на младенцах [20] показали, что дети с высоким генетическим риском Ц имеют кишечную микробиоту, представленную преимущественно протеобактериями и фирмикутами и в меньшей степени бифидо-и актинобактериями. В других исследованиях [21,22] сообщается, что вскармливание формулами на основе коровьего молока младенцев с генотипом HLA-DQ -фактора риска развития 125 À Архив педиатрии и детской хирургии № 1 [2] 2024 года Ц, оказывает влияние на состав микробиоты кишечника. Кишечные бактерии, такие как штаммы Lactobacilli и Bifi dobacterium, могут иметь некоторые преимущества у пациентов с высоким риском Ц, поскольку они могут модулировать иммунный ответ на глютен и его пептиды.…”

Gut microbiota and prospects for probiotics in paediatric celiac disease

“…Исследования на младенцах [20] показали, что дети с высоким генетическим риском Ц имеют кишечную микробиоту, представленную преимущественно протеобактериями и фирмикутами и, в меньшей степени, бифидо-и актинобактериями. В других исследованиях [21,22] сообщается, что вскармливание формулами на основе коровьего молока младенцев с генотипом HLA-DQ -фактора риска развития Ц, Гастроэнтерология оказывает влияние на состав микробиоты кишечника. Кишечные бактерии, такие как штаммы Lactobacilli и Bifi dobacterium, могут иметь некоторые преимущества у пациентов с высоким риском Ц, поскольку они могут модулировать иммунный ответ на глютен и его пептиды.…”