Männliche Formen der Depression und deren Behandlung

Walther, Andreas; Seidler, Zac E.

doi:10.1055/a-0987-5902

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Men as compared to women have approximately a 30% lower utilization of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic services [1,2]. A nationally representative sample from Germany comprised of 24,016 adults revealed that 8.1% men but 11.2% women used any form of outpatient psychiatric or psychotherapeutic service in the past year [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s Psychotherapy Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining 716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress

Eggenberger

Fordschmid

Ludwig

et al. 2021

Behavioral Sciences

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Men as compared to women are half as often affected by depressive and anxiety disorders and seek significantly less help for mental health issues than women. Adherence to traditional male role norms (AtTMRN) may hinder men from describing prototypical depression symptoms and from seeking psychotherapy. The current study compared whether AtTMRN, gender role identity, or the experience of prototypical or male-typical externalizing mental health symptoms were associated with psychotherapy use in men and women. In an anonymous online survey, 716 participants (37% men) reporting to currently experience psychological distress were examined. Information was obtained on psychotherapy use, depression and anxiety symptoms, gender role identity, and traditional male role norms. Although experiencing similar levels of depression, men compared to women showed a reduction in psychotherapy use by 29%. Masculine role identity was directly associated with reduced psychotherapy use in men (β = −0.41, p = 0.029), whereas AtTMRN was not (men: β = −0.04, p = 0.818; women: β = −0.25, p = 0.064). Higher externalizing depression symptomatology (β = −0.68, p = 0.005), but not prototypical depression symptomatology (β = −0.02, p = 0.499), was associated with reduced psychotherapy use in men but not women (p > 0.05). Interactions revealed that men, but not women, with high AtTMRN use psychotherapy only when exhibiting elevated symptom levels. The results corroborate previous reports showing reduced psychotherapy use in men as compared to women and identify elevated masculine role identity and male-typical externalizing depression symptomatology as direct factors associated with reduced psychotherapy use in psychologically distressed men. AtTMRN interacts with mental health symptoms to predict psychotherapy use, indicating that men with high AtTMRN only use psychotherapy when exhibiting high symptomatology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s Psychotherapy Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining 716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress

Eggenberger

Fordschmid

Ludwig

et al. 2021

Behavioral Sciences

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“…Vandello and Bosson (2013) experimentally showed that after experiencing masculinity threats men tend to find ways to restore it by dismissing or denying masculinity threatening information, emphasizing one's masculine traits, or using group-based prejudices for one's own masculinityenhancement (Dahl & Cook, 2020;Vandello & Bosson, 2013). Many men react with maladaptive coping strategies rooted in traditional masculine role norms leading to substance misuse, aggressive, risky, or suicidal behavior, as well as reluctance to seek counseling (Bosson & Vandello, 2011;Eggenberger et al, 2021;Rice et al, 2019;Walther et al, 2021;Walther & Seidler, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status loss due to COVID-19, traditional masculinity, and the prediction of suicidal ideation and recent suicide attempts

Walther¹,

Grub²,

Tsar³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is causing extensive job loss leading to a loss of social status in many men. Endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology may render some men particularly sensitive to status loss and thereby to an increased risk for suicidality.Methods: In this anonymous online survey conducted in German-speaking European countries, 490 men completed questionnaires regarding loss of social status due to the pandemic, suicidal ideation and past-month suicide attempt. Furthermore, prototypical and male-typical externalizing depression symptoms, self-identified masculine gender orientation, endorsement of traditional masculinity, and gender role conflict were measured.Results: Out of a total of 490 men, 14.7% of men reported experiencing a status loss due to the pandemic. These men were more than twice as likely to report suicidal ideation during the past two weeks, and more than four times as likely to have attempted suicide in the past month than men not reporting a status loss. Depression symptoms, self-identified masculine gender orientation, endorsement of traditional masculinity, but not gender role conflict were positively associated with status loss. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were associated with prototypical and male-typical externalizing depression symptoms, but not masculinity- related constructs.Conclusion: Status loss emerges as risk factor for suicide and is associated with depression symptoms, higher masculine gender orientation and endorsement of traditional masculinity. Men with high levels of traditional masculinity and status loss due to the pandemic are at increased risk for suicide.

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“…Although, overall men and women experience similar levels of psychological distress, men use psychotherapy about 30% less than women (Brandstetter et al, 2017;Eggenberger et al, 2021;Rommel et al, 2018;Walther et al, 2021;Walther & Seidler, 2020). Whether this pattern differs with regard to differing psychological syndromes is, however, insufficiently studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A secure attachment organization with the therapist was shown to predict positive working alliance, more compliance and greater engagement in therapy (Diener & Monroe, 2011;Dozier, 1990;Mikulincer et al, 2013). By contrast, stronger attachment avoidance was associated with rejection of treatment providers, reduced self-disclosure, and poorer use of treatment (Dozier, 1990), which are rather typical issues in male clients (Seidler et al, 2021;Walther & Seidler, 2020), highlighting the question whether gender differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance are associated with psychotherapy use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance and their association with psychotherapy use – Examining students from a German university

Weber¹,

Eggenberger²,

Stosch³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Attachment anxiety and avoidance have been insufficiently studied in relation to psychotherapy use. Attachment theory, specifically attachment anxiety and avoidance, might explain gender differences in psychotherapy use, which is generally lower in those identifying as male. In addition, university students are a particularly vulnerable group for mental health problems, and understanding psychotherapy use, especially among mentally distressed male students, is pivotal.Methods: A total of 44,299 students from a German university were invited to participate in an online survey on the topic of "studying with mental stress", and 4,894 completed the survey (adjusted response rate of 11.04%). The students answered questions regarding psychotherapy use, and they completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D) identifying syndromes of depression, anxiety, alcohol use, somatoform and eating disorders. In addition, the Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised (ECR-RD12) questionnaire, was used to measure attachment anxiety and avoidance.Results: Significant gender differences for attachment anxiety and avoidance emerged showing higher attachment anxiety in female students and higher attachment avoidance in male students. In addition, male students used psychotherapy significantly less than female students, and they also intended less to use psychotherapy in the near future. Male students did not differ from female students with regard to mental distress. When exploring regressions to predict psychotherapy use, male students’ attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted use. For female students, only attachment anxiety emerged as a significant predictor. Attachment anxiety further emerged as a significant moderator of the association between suffering from a depressive or somatoform syndrome and current psychotherapy use. In essence, students not presenting a psychiatric syndrome and exhibiting higher attachment anxiety were more likely to use psychotherapy.Conclusion: Attachment anxiety and avoidance are positively associated with psychotherapy use; however, gender differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance may partially explain lower psychotherapy use in male university students. Lower attachment anxiety in male students emerges as a relevant factor explaining lower psychotherapy use in males, which is not balanced by higher attachment avoidance in males.

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Männliche Formen der Depression und deren Behandlung

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

Men’s Psychotherapy Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining 716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress

Men’s Psychotherapy Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining 716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress

Status loss due to COVID-19, traditional masculinity, and the prediction of suicidal ideation and recent suicide attempts

Gender differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance and their association with psychotherapy use – Examining students from a German university

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