The authors tested the theory that hemispheric specialization evolved as a consequence of reduced interhemispheric connectivity by examining whether neuroanatomical asymmetries were associated with variation in the ratio of corpus callosum size to brain volume (CC:VOL) and to neocortical surface area (CC:NEO) in human and nonhuman primates. Magnetic resonance images were collected in a sample of 45 primates including 8 New World monkeys, 10 Old Word monkeys, 4 lesser apes, 17 great apes, and 6 humans. CC:VOL and CC:NEO were determined and correlated with measures of brain asymmetry. The results indicate that brain asymmetry significantly predicted CC:VOL and CC:NEO. Subsequent analyses revealed that species variation in functional asymmetries in the form of handedness are also inversely related to CC:NEO. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that leftward brain asymmetries may have evolved as a consequence of reduced interhemispheric connectivity.The corpus callosum (CC) is the major neural pathway connecting the two cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals. The primary function of the CC is to connect homologous cortical areas between the two hemispheres along an anterior-posterior continuum. Histological studies in nonhuman primate brains suggest that the anterior portion (e.g., genu) of the CC connects the anterior-frontal areas whereas the posterior areas (e.g., splenium) connect the occipital and the temporal cortex (Pandya & Seltzer, 1986). Recently, individual differences in CC size among humans have been correlated with brain size, sex, age, and functional asymmetries in humans (see Driesen & Raz, 1995, for review). The most intriguing findings have been the reports of gender and handedness differences in CC morphology. For example, females have been reported to have larger CC areas after statistically controlling for differences in brain size (Driesen & Raz, 1995). Additionally, it has been reported that nonright-handed individuals have larger CC areas compared with right-handed individuals (e.g., Witelson, 1985). The reported gender and handedness differences in CC morphology have both been linked to differences in cerebral lateralization. For both females and left-handed individuals, it is argued that they are less lateralized than their counterparts because of increased interhemispheric connectivity between hemispheres (Witelson, 1989).Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to William D. Hopkins, Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. Electronic mail may be sent to lrcbh@rmy.emory.edu or whopkins@berry.edu. To the extent that biological factors have been proposed to explain differences in CC morphology in humans, it is somewhat surprising that little research has been conducted on examining factors that influence CC morphology in nonhumans, particularly closely related nonhuman primates (Holloway & Heilbronner, 1993). In nonhuman primates, data from cadaver specimens (LaCoste & Woodward...