Manual of mental and physical tests.

Whipple, Guy Montrose

doi:10.1037/10823-000

Cited by 107 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…The question of what various olfactory tests actually measure brings to mind the early days of test measurement theory, when psychological tests were initially classified under categories assumed to assess separate mental functions (e.g., Whipple, 1914). Such classification, however, was found to be inaccurate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance

Doty

Smith

McKeown

et al. 1994

Perception & Psychophysics

187

115

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance

Doty

Smith

McKeown

et al. 1994

Perception & Psychophysics

187

115

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“…Analysis of the results Group E, of 26 samples, is the only one of any size for treatment statistically; since even this number is too small to justify the use of the ordinary coefficient of correlation, the coefficient of correlation by rank was calculated, using the following formula taken from JACKSON (4): 6 v Dk2 and the probable error by the formula: e=0.706-Vn taken from WHIPPLE (7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Shape on the Chemical Composition of Potato Tubers

Willaman¹,

Child²

1929

Plant Physiol.

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Decided differences in the shape of potato tubers of different varieties are a matter of common knowledge. It has been suggested that these variations in shape may affect the composition of the tubers. The evidence on this, however, is conflicting. GLYNNE and JACKSON (3), investigating the distribution of dry matter and of nitrogen in potato tubers, dissected out the different zones and analyzed them. The main regions are the medulla, or inner, and the cortex, or outer region. They found that the percentage of dry matter is lowest in the skin, increases in the cortex, and then decreases in the medulla. The nitrogen content in these three is in the reverse order to that of the dry matter. COUDON and BUSSARD (1) obtained practically the same results.EAST (2) states that the flatter tubers have a higher starch content, because of a greater proportion of cortex. Thus, if changing the shape changes the ratios of the zones, and if the latter differ in composition, it is fair to predict that the composition of the tuber as a whole will vary with the shape. On the above lines of reasoning WILLAMAN and WEST (8,9) concluded that the more spherical tubers would have the higher protein content.RENSKI (6), however, found a relation opposite to that above. He reports that the longer tubers have the lower starch content. His material included many varieties over a period of several years. More recently NEUMAN (5) also reports that the longer tubers have the lower starch content. He states that high nitrogen fertilization causes an elongation of the tubers, but he does not give any data on the nitrogen content of these tubers.During 1922 and 1923 several lots of potatoes, including several varieties, were measured as to shape, and analyzed for dry matter and nitrogen. Although the data are somewhat scanty, they point rather definitely to the conclusion that the more spherical tubers have the higher protein content. Since it is improbable that the writers will have further data in the near future, it was thought best to publish the information so far obtained." PLANT PHYSIOLOGYMethods and materials From 12 to 20 tubers were taken for a sample for analysis. The dimensions were taken in millimeters, and averaged for each lot of tubers. The tubers were scrubbed, dried, and weighed on a special balance in air and in water for determining specific gravity. Then they were shredded for analysis. Dry matter was determined on a small sample by drying at 1000 C. Protein was determined on the dried and finely ground material by the Kjeldahl-Gunning method.The five groups of samples involved were as follows, all of them grown in Minnesota:A. Among the shape ratios, the length-width bears a very marked relation to the length-depth; and the latter bears a significant relation to the widthdepth ratio. Thus the length is the dominating dimension. Furthermore, in comparing the weight of the tubers with the shape, it is evident that as the tubers increase in size it is largely because of increased length. This is to be expected from the fact tha...

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“…Here the units are not words presented in random orders, but the 47 content units of the Lincoln story (Whipple, 1915), as analyzed by Rubin (1974Rubin ( , 1978. In the section following these analyses, results from numerous other prose studies in the literature will be reanalyzed and tabulated.…”

Section: A Unit Analysis Of Text Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memorability as a measure of processing: A unit analysis of prose and list learning.

Rubin¹

1985

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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SUMMARYThe percentage of subjects recalling each unit in a list or prose passage is considered as a dependent measure. When the same units are recalled in different tasks, processing is assumed to be the same; when different units are recalled, processing is assumed to be different. Two collections of memory tasks are presented, one for lists and one for prose. The relations found in these two collections are supported by an extensive reanalysis of the existing prose memory literature.The same set of words were learned by 13 different groups of subjects under 13 different conditions. Included were intentional free-recall tasks, incidental free recall following lexical decision, and incidental free recall following ratings of orthographic distinctiveness and emotionality. Although the nine free-recall tasks varied widely with regard to the amount of recall, the relative probability of recall for the words was very similar among the tasks. Imagery encoding and recognition produced relative probabilities of recall that were different from each other and from the free-recall tasks. Similar results were obtained with a prose passage. A story was learned by 13 different groups of subjects under 13 different conditions. Eight free-recall tasks, which varied with respect to incidental or intentional learning, retention interval, and the age of the subjects, produced similar relative probabilities of recall, whereas recognition and prompted recall produced relative probabilities of recall that were different from each other and from the free-recall tasks.A review of the prose literature was undertaken to test the generality of these results. Analysis of variance is the most common statistical procedure in this literature. If the relative probability of recall of units varied across conditions, a units by condition interaction would be expected. For the 12 studies that manipulated retention interval, an average of 21% of the variance was accounted for by the main effect of retention interval, 17% by the main effect of units, and only 2% by the retention interval by units interaction. Similarly, for the 12 studies that varied the age of the subjects, 6% of the variance was accounted for by the main effect of age, 32% by the main effect of units, and only 1% by the interaction of age by units. Moreover, although there was enough statistical power so that the unit main effects, which used the same error term as the interactions, were all significant at the .001 level, only half of the age by units interactions were significant at the .05 level. Unlike studies varying retention interval and the age of the subjects, studies varying the perspective of the reader at encoding often produced interactions larger than their main effects.Similar results were obtained for the list learning and prose studies, suggesting a continuity between these two domains. In particular, the relative probability of recall changed little when retention interval, age of subject, or depth of processing changed in standard ways. This similarity among th...

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Manual of mental and physical tests.

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance

Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance

Influence of Shape on the Chemical Composition of Potato Tubers

Memorability as a measure of processing: A unit analysis of prose and list learning.

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