The Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) was one of the last crusades directed against
the Ottomans, led primarily by joint Franco-Burgundian and Hungarian forces.
Albeit on the margins, the Byzantines and Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos were
also involved in this crusading project as they hoped to relieve
Constantinople from the Ottoman blockade it endured since 1394. The
resounding defeat inflicted on the crusaders by the Ottomans was echoed in
both Byzantine, French and Ottoman sources. This paper shall attempt to
offer a comparative reading of Byzantine, French and Ottoman sources on some
aspects of the Crusade of Nicopolis. The first part of this paper will seek
to analyze the Byzantine sources, consisting of histories, letters and
orations, investigating their literary, political, and religious perceptions
of the event. The second part will deal with French and Ottoman sources,
especially focusing on their depictions of the Byzantine involvement in the
crusade, as well as the narrative links between Nicopolis, the blockade of
Constantinople and the travels of Manuel II.