“…11,12 Nanocarbons such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, porous and nonporous carbon materials and graphene have shown large specific surface areas, high conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, mechanical capacity, ultra-light characteristics, and chemical and thermal resistance. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Heteroatom (nitrogen, boron, and phosphorus) doped nanocarbon has shown the higher ORR activity. [19][20][21][22][23] Previously, the nanocarbon materials have been successfully synthesized by catalytic or noncatalytic chemical vapor deposition, pyrolysis, electric arc discharge, and direct-current (DC) discharge plasma from various organic solvents.…”