Manufacturing techniques of composites for aerospace applications

Balasubramanian, K.; Sultan, M. T. H.; Rajeswari, N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102131-6.00004-9

Cited by 90 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Otherwise, thanks to the improved light weight and mechanical properties that characterize composite materials, these latter are highly desired in different industrial fields such as aerospace applications [33,34], automotive [34], sports equipment [35], and so on. Taking into account these 5 attractive properties, we were interested in using the different coumarin derivatives reported in this work for the preparation of thick glass fibers/(meth)acrylate photocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico Design of Nitrocoumarins as Near-UV Photoinitiators: Toward Interesting Opportunities in Composites and 3D Printing Technologies

Abdallah

Hijazi

Graff

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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In this work, the in-silico rational design of new photoinitiators by molecular modeling for specific wavelength (here 405 nm) and specific applications (3D printing, composites) is reported. A large number of (keto)coumarin derivatives were investigated by molecular modeling and their synthesis and more detailed photochemical investigations are based on obtaining structures having both excellent predicted light absorption properties @405 nm and high excited state energy levels (to ensure high photochemical reactivity). More particularly, four new families of coumarins were designed (4 of the 19 proposed coumarins were never synthesized (N2,M6,T1,T6)): the first family is based on Nitrocoumarins (N1-N6), the second one on Methoxybenzene-based coumarins and Ethoxycoumarins (M1-M6), the third one on Thiophene-based coumarins (T1-T6) and the last family studied concerns Alkyne-based coumarin (A1). The purpose of this work concerns the study of the photoinitiating ability of these compounds in different monomers for different polymerization processes (free radical, cationic) using FTIR technique. The different compounds reported in this work are very efficient to initiate the free radical polymerization of (meth)acrylates but also the cationic polymerization of epoxides upon mild irradiation conditions using a Light 2 Emitting Diode (LED) at 405 nm as visible light source. Nitrocoumarins were identified as the best candidates for photoinitiation among the different families of coumarins investigated in this work. More precisely, nitrocoumarins are characterized by very good polymerization profiles, great final reactive function conversions (FC) and also high rates of polymerization (Rp). The electrochemical and photochemical properties of the different compounds were also studied to get a deeper insight into the photochemical mechanisms supporting the initiation process. A full picture of the involved photochemical mechanisms is provided. Thanks to the astounding polymerization initiating ability of these coumarins, their use in 3D printing applications can be worthwhile. Remarkably, using these compounds, the preparation of photocomposites was possible even in difficult light penetration conditions resulting from the presence of fibers inside the resins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico Design of Nitrocoumarins as Near-UV Photoinitiators: Toward Interesting Opportunities in Composites and 3D Printing Technologies

Abdallah

Hijazi

Graff

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Composite materials have found numerous applications, for example, in sport equipment, solar energy applications, aerospace applications, ground transportation and automotive industries …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of new high‐performance visible light photoinitiators based on carbazole scaffold and their applications in 3d printing and photocomposite synthesis

Abdallah

Magaldi

Hijazi

et al. 2019

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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In this article, new compounds based on the carbazole scaffold (DMs = DM1 and DM2, constituted by a carbazole unit connected on positions 3 and 6 to a two 4,4 0dimethoxydiphenylamine groups and differing by the substituent present on the nitrogen heteroatom of the carbazole core) were synthesized and proposed as high-performance visible light photoinitiators/photosensitizers for both the free-radical polymerization of methacrylates and the cationic polymerization of epoxides upon visible light exposure using LED@405 nm. Remarkably, DM2 leads to higher final conversions than DM1. In order to study the photophysical and photochemical properties of the carbazole derivatives, different parameters were taken into account such as the light absorption, the steady-state photolysis, and the fluorescence spectroscopy. Using different techniques such as fluorescence quenching, redox behavior, and cyclic voltammetry, we are able to discuss the photosensitization/photoinitiation reactions providing a full coherent picture of the involved chemical mechanisms. The photosensitization of the carbazole derivatives occurred predominantly via singlet excited states at the rate of the diffusion limit. Upon exposure to laser diode at 405 nm, DMs show high performance in initiating systems for 3D resins. Remarkably, DM2 can also be used in photocomposite synthesis using light-emitting diode conveyor. 1 H NMR 250 MHz (DMSO-d 6 ) δ 3.72 (s, 12H), 5.25 (d, 1H, J trans = 12.6 Hz), 5.08 (d, 1H, J cis = 20.4 Hz), 6.71 (dd, 1H, J cis = 22.0 Hz, J trans = 13.5 Hz), 6.82-6.91 (m, 16H), 7.12 (dd, 2H, J o = 10.3 Hz, J m = 2.9 Hz), 7.25 (d, 2H, J o = 9.6 Hz), 7.44 (d, 2H, J o = 9.9 Hz), 7.58 (d, 2H, J o = 10.5 Hz), 7.73 (d, 2H, J m = 2.1 Hz).

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“…Figure 2 [41][42][43][44][45][46] shows the tree diagram of reinforcement and matrix materials associated with the fabrication of the NFRCs. NFRCs are fabricated with combinations of natural reinforcing agents and polymer matrices.…”

Section: Reinforcement and Polymer Matrix Of Biocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of composite constituent (type, forms, etc.) are shown in Figure 2 [41][42][43][44][45][46]. There are a wide variety of processing techniques used to fabricate the composite materials.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Biocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the hand lay-up technique, reinforcement materials and the polymer matrix are applied manually onto an open mould surface, one by one until the desired thickness of the component is obtained by successive layers [92,93]. On the other hand, in the case of the spray-up technique, the reinforcement fibres in the form of chopped strands and the polymer matrices are sprayed using spray gun onto an open mould surface until the desired thickness of the composite lamination is obtained [44]. In fact, the spray-up technique is the automated version of the traditional hand lay-up technique.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Biocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: A Review on Fabrication, Properties and Applications

et al. 2020

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The increasing global environmental concerns and awareness of renewable green resources is continuously expanding the demand for eco-friendly, sustainable and biodegradable natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs). Natural fibres already occupy an important place in the composite industry due to their excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties. Natural fibres are biodegradable, biocompatible, eco-friendly and created from renewable resources. Therefore, they are extensively used in place of expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibres, such as glass fibre, carbon fibre and aramid fibre, in many applications. Additionally, the NFRCs are used in automobile, aerospace, personal protective clothing, sports and medical industries as alternatives to the petroleum-based materials. To that end, in the last few decades numerous studies have been carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites to address the problems associated with the reinforcement fibres, polymer matrix materials and composite fabrication techniques in particular. There are still some drawbacks to the natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs)—for example, poor interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the polymer matrix, and poor mechanical properties of the NFRCs due to the hydrophilic nature of the natural fibres. An up-to-date holistic review facilitates a clear understanding of the behaviour of the composites along with the constituent materials. This article intends to review the research carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites over the last few decades. Furthermore, up-to-date encyclopaedic information about the properties of the NFRCs, major challenges and potential measures to overcome those challenges along with their prospective applications have been exclusively illustrated in this review work. Natural fibres are created from plant, animal and mineral-based sources. The plant-based cellulosic natural fibres are more economical than those of the animal-based fibres. Besides, these pose no health issues, unlike mineral-based fibres. Hence, in this review, the NFRCs fabricated with the plant-based cellulosic fibres are the main focus.

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Manufacturing techniques of composites for aerospace applications

Cited by 90 publications

References 23 publications

In Silico Design of Nitrocoumarins as Near-UV Photoinitiators: Toward Interesting Opportunities in Composites and 3D Printing Technologies

In Silico Design of Nitrocoumarins as Near-UV Photoinitiators: Toward Interesting Opportunities in Composites and 3D Printing Technologies

Development of new high‐performance visible light photoinitiators based on carbazole scaffold and their applications in 3d printing and photocomposite synthesis

Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: A Review on Fabrication, Properties and Applications

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