“…Honey has been reported to contain over 200 compounds, including sugars, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, enzymes, flavonoids, antioxidants and phenolic acids (Eteraf-Oskouei and Najafi, 2013;Schneider et al, 2013;Alvarez-Suarez et al, 2014;Stephens et al, 2015). Manuka honey (derived from the Leptospermum scoparium tree in New Zealand) is frequently applied in the treatment of bacterial infections (Qamar et al, 2017) and exhibits well documented antibacterial properties as a result of various phenolic compounds (Carter et al, 2016;Johnston et al, 2018) and methylglyoxal, the latter following inhibition of bacterial DNA and protein synthesis (Jervis-Bardy et al, 2011;Kilty et al, 2011;Hayes et al, 2018). At bactericidal concentrations, manuka honey has been reported to cause loss of membrane integrity in both Gram positive and negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Roberts et al, 2012).…”