A new implementation of the conventional Stokesian Dynamics (SD) algorithm, called accelerated Stokesian Dynamics (ASD), is presented. The equations governing the motion of N particles suspended in a viscous fluid at low particle Reynolds number are solved accurately and efficiently, including all hydrodynamic interactions, but with a significantly lower computational cost of O(N ln N). The main differences from the conventional SD method lie in the calculation of the many-body longrange interactions, where the Ewald-summed wave-space contribution is calculated as a Fourier transform sum and in the iterative inversion of the now sparse resistance matrix. The new method is applied to problems in the rheology of both structured and random suspensions, and accurate results are obtained with much larger numbers of particles. With access to larger N, the high-frequency dynamic viscosities and short-time self-diffusivities of random suspensions for volume fractions above the freezing point are now studied. The ASD method opens up an entire new class of suspension problems that can be investigated, including particles of non-spherical shape and a distribution of sizes, and the method can readily be extended to other low-Reynolds-number-flow problems.
IntroductionNumerical simulations of the behaviour of suspensions of particles provide a valuable tool for understanding many complex rheological phenomena. Through simulations both the macroscopic suspension properties and the suspension microstructure have been studied, and insight into structure-property relationships has been obtained Foss & Brady 2000). Determining the hydrodynamic interactions among particles in Stokes flow (small Reynolds number), however, can be a complicated and computationally expensive task, mainly owing to the long-range nature of the interactions and the presence of strong lubrication effects when particles are in close proximity to each other. The fluid velocity disturbance caused by a particle on which a net external force acts decays as 1/r, where r is the distance from the particle, and therefore the hydrodynamic interactions cannot be truncated and no simple pairwise-additive approximation can be made. In addition, the presence of lubrication effects makes conventional numerical techniques (such as the boundary-integral technique) expensive computationally when two particles approach each other.Durlofsky, Brady & Bossis (1987) developed a method that successfully accounts for both the many-body interactions and the near-field lubrication effects by splitting the hydrodynamic interactions into a far-field mobility calculation and a pairwise additive resistance calculation. The main advantage of the method is that a relatively small number of unknowns per particle is sufficient to solve many dynamic simulation problems adequately. The main disadvantage of the method, however, is that it