Many non-elite multisport endurance athletes do not meet sports nutrition recommendations for carbohydrates

Masson, Geneviève; Lamarche, Benoı̂t

doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0599

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Recently, Marius et al [15] reported inadequate carbohydrate intakes in 80% of Lithuanian athletes. Similar findings have been reported by others [14,16,17,18,19,20,21]. …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

et al. 2018

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Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2–2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20–35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.

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“…Recently, Marius et al [15] reported inadequate carbohydrate intakes in 80% of Lithuanian athletes. Similar findings have been reported by others [14,16,17,18,19,20,21]. …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Several studies have shown that carbohydrate intakes can be below the recommended amount [13,14,15] and, sometimes, protein intakes can be higher [13,15]. Athletes, particularly females, also reported an inadequate intake of vitamin E, calcium, folate, and magnesium [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

et al. 2018

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“…Interestingly, the amount of sodium consumed by the runners that developed hyponatremia was significantly lower than that consumed by the eunatremic runners. These findings, in combination, are in accordance with those from other studies, which clearly indicate that athletes fail to meet the suggested dietary needs, reducing consequently their potential for optimal performance [22][23][24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during the Olympus Marathon Ultra-Endurance Trail Run

et al. 2020

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Research on hyponatremia during mountain marathons is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia during a 44-km trail running race that reached an altitude of 2780 m (Olympus Marathon). Sixty-two runners (five women) who completed the race participated in the study (age: 34.4 ± 8.6 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m; and weight: 75.3 ± 10.0 kg). Anthropometric characteristics, blood, and urine samples were collected pre- and post-race. Food and fluid intake were recorded at each checkpoint. Due to race regulations, the runners could not carry any additional food and fluids besides the ones provided at specific checkpoints. Five runners (8%) exhibited asymptomatic hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol∙L−1). Serum sodium in the hyponatremic runners decreased from 138.4 ± 0.9 (pre) to 131.4 ± 5.0 mmol∙L−1 (post), p < 0.05. Plasma osmolality increased only in the eunatremic runners (pre: 290 ± 3; post: 295 ± 6 mmol∙kg−1; p < 0.05). Plasma volume decreased more in the hyponatremic compared to eunatremic runners (−4.4 ± 2.0 vs. −3.2 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05). Lastly, dietary sodium intake was lower in the hyponatremic runners compared to eunatremic (789 ± 813 vs. 906 ± 672 mg; p < 0.05). The incidence of hyponatremia among the athletes was relatively low, possibly due to race conditions.

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“…[1,[4][5][6] Research indicates that many athletes who attempt to carbo-load fail to achieve their goal. [7,8] Therefore many opt not to carbo-load, as proven by the majority of respondents in this study that did not plan to carbo-load before this event. Carbo-loading also causes a body mass increase of approximately two kg, and additionally, it is important to have high-CHO, low-fibre, and low-fat foods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A cross-sectional study of 2550 amateur cyclists shows lack of knowledge regarding relevant sports nutrition guidelines

Rensburg

Fletcher

Rensburg

2018

S. Afr. j. sports med

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Background: Amateur cyclists use a wide variety of supplements and nutritional substances to increase performance in addition to their training. Objectives: The intended nutritional supplement use, carbohydrate (CHO) use and hydration practices of amateur cyclists before, during and after endurance cycling were analysed. Evidence of ignorance regarding the use of sports supplements and CHO, as well as the disregard of hydration strategy was hypothesised. Methods: Amateur cyclists, of all age and sex groups, were requested to complete an online survey anonymously on the 2013 Momentum 94.7 Cycle Challenge website, a few days before the event. Results: Responses were received from 2 550 out of 30 640 race entrants (8%); representing a distribution of 75% males, 25% females, with the majority between 25 to 45 years old. Nutritional supplements were used by 59% of respondents, with 77% dose adherence, and 29% with supplement ingredient knowledge. Half of the respondents (48%) planned to carbo-load two-three days before the event, while only five percent used professional advice to scientifically calculate their carbo-loading requirements. CHO were consumed by 81% during the event. Hydration preferences during the race were sports drinks (59%) and water (22%); and after the race 45% preferred a sports drink and 40% water. Ingredients, taste, colour, and temperature were criteria used to choose a sports drink. Only 18% of respondents knew to use both colour of urine and thirstiness to determine post-race fluid requirements. Conclusion: The authors concluded that amateur cyclists had insufficient knowledge regarding nutritional supplement ingredients and usage, CHO requirements and carbo-loading practices, and hydration strategies before, during and after the event.

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Many non-elite multisport endurance athletes do not meet sports nutrition recommendations for carbohydrates

Cited by 42 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during the Olympus Marathon Ultra-Endurance Trail Run

A cross-sectional study of 2550 amateur cyclists shows lack of knowledge regarding relevant sports nutrition guidelines

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