Map of Critical Raw Material Deposits in Europe

Bertrand, Guillaume; Cassard, Daniel; Arvanitidis, Nikolaos; Stanley, Gerry

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.016

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This paper evaluates mineral raw materials determined as critical for the EU, according to the fourth EC communication on critical raw materials [44] and the EC Study on the EU's list of Critical Raw Materials-Final Report [45], with regard to its existing resource base and the security of supply chains for its strategic industry sectors [24]. The basic sources of information were numerous studies [2,3,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] and results of a few EU-financed projects (e.g., [53,[59][60][61][62][63][64]). The CRMs analyzed in this paper include 29 mineral raw materials (except for natural rubber, with it not being a mineral), i.e., antimony, baryte, bauxite, beryllium, bismuth, borates, coking coal, cobalt, fluorspar, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, magnesium, natural graphite, niobium, PGMs, phosphate rock, phosphorus, HREEs, LREEs, scandium, silicon metal, strontium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

2021

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Sufficient supplies of critical raw materials (CRMs) for rapidly developing technologies, e.g., Li-ion batteries, wind turbines, photovoltaics, digitization, etc., have become one of the main economic challenges for the EU. Due to growing import dependency and associated risk of supply disruptions of these raw materials from third countries, there is a need to encourage their domestic production. This is an important starting point for EU value chains crucial for the sustainable economic growth of the whole Union. This contribution has evaluated the possibilities of CRMs supply from the EU’s primary sources. A three-step approach, including an assessment of CRMs’ importance for the EU’s economic growth, their significance in at least two of the three strategic industrial sectors (i.e., renewable energy, e-mobility, defense and aerospace), and their potential availability from EU mineral deposits, has been applied. Results of the analysis have shown that, of 29 critical mineral raw materials (according to the 2020 EC list), the potential to develop manufacturing from the Union mineral deposits exists for 11 CRMs, i.e., cobalt, graphite (natural), HREE, LREE, lithium, magnesium, niobium, PGMs, silicon metal, titanium, and tungsten, while some other CRMs, namely gallium, germanium, indium, and vanadium can be recovered as by-products. Measures to mitigate EU import dependency have been also proposed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

2021

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“…In the past decade, the proposed strategies from the National Research Council and the European Commission in 2008 have accelerated the development of methods for assessing the criticality of raw materials. As a result, numerous reports using existing methodologies were published: Material scarcity by Wouters and Bol, Critical metals for future sustainable technologies by Buchert et al, Risk List by British Geological survey, Assessment of critical minerals by the National Science and Technology Council, and Methodology for Establishing the EU List of Critical Raw Materials by Blengini et al Additional reports based on existing methodologies were published in scientific papers by Glöser et al, Bertrand et al, McCullough et al, Daw et al, and Blengini et al Others, such as Wäger et al, Knoeri et al and Weiser et al proposed new methodologies for critical material assessments. The European Union (EU) is following on from its Raw Materials Initiative by funding various research projects that are concerned with increasing the supply or reducing the demand of at least one critical material …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical materials in PEMFC systems and a LCA analysis for the potential reduction of environmental impacts with EoL strategies

Stropnik

Lotrič

Montenegro

et al. 2019

Energy Science & Engineering

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Commonly used materials constituting the core components of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), including the balance‐of‐plant, were classified according to the EU criticality methodology with an additional assessment of hazardousness and price. A life‐cycle assessment (LCA) of the materials potentially present in PEMFC systems was performed for 1 g of each material. To demonstrate the importance of appropriate actions at the end of life (EoL) for critical materials, a LCA study of the whole life cycle for a 1‐kW PEMFC system and 20,000 operating hours was performed. In addition to the manufacturing phase, four different scenarios of hydrogen production were analyzed. In the EoL phase, recycling was used as a primary strategy, with energy extraction and landfill as the second and third. The environmental impacts for 1 g of material show that platinum group metals and precious metals have by far the largest environmental impact; therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to these materials in the EoL phase. The LCA results for the 1‐kW PEMFC system show that in the manufacturing phase the major environmental impacts come from the fuel cell stack, where the majority of the critical materials are used. Analysis shows that only 0.75 g of platinum in the manufacturing phase contributes, on average, 60% of the total environmental impacts of the manufacturing phase. In the operating phase, environmentally sounder scenarios are the hydrogen production with water electrolysis using hydroelectricity and natural gas reforming. These two scenarios have lower absolute values for the environmental impact indicators, on average, compared with the manufacturing phase of the 1‐kW PEMFC system. With proper recycling strategies in the EoL phase for each material, and by paying a lot of attention to the critical materials, the environmental impacts could be reduced, on average, by 37.3% for the manufacturing phase and 23.7% for the entire life cycle of the 1‐kW PEMFC system.

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“…General information on geotectonic and geochemical background facts on Europe are compiled. Principles for interactive GIS (geographic information system) tools and 3D/4D models of deposits and mineralized belts are developed by projects such as FOREGS, ProMINE, and Minerals4EU [ 65 , 86 ] as a one-off. However, the periodical update of Europe’s CRM list and other developments including land-use issues and the mining status in Europe calls for continues updating of validated, comparable, and timely updated information and the related maps provided through a publicly accessible and coordinated database.…”

Section: Principles On the Availability From Eu Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

et al. 2021

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This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

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Map of Critical Raw Material Deposits in Europe

Cited by 33 publications

References 2 publications

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

Critical materials in PEMFC systems and a LCA analysis for the potential reduction of environmental impacts with EoL strategies

The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

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