Mapping and Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Turbidity in Lake Buhi From Sentinel-2 Images Using Geographically Weighted Regression and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index

Abstract

Abstract. Water quality monitoring is vital in ensuring the suitability of Lake Buhi for aquaculture and recreational activities. However, with the limitations of traditional monitoring methods, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) cannot comprehensively characterize the spatial and temporal water quality patterns in the lake. With the development of remote sensing methods, this study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal variability of turbidity in Lake Buhi in 2020 using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) applied to Sentinel-2 images. GWR provided accurate estimates of turbidity, with the results achieving an R2 value of 0.98 for the February image and 0.93 for October. GWR-derived turbidity was 2 used as an alternative to in situ data and then regressed with NDTI values to acquire turbidity models for dry and wet seasons. Upon validation, the best turbidity model for the dry (R2 = 0.59, RMSE = 0.60, MAE = 0.15) and wet (R2 = 0.49, RMSE = 1.22, MAE = 0.25) seasons produced acceptable results, hence, used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of turbidity in the lake throughout 2020. The analysis revealed that Lake Buhi is more turbid during the dry season than the wet season. Turbidity during the dry season is governed by its natural water flow, while it is heavily influenced by precipitation during the wet season.