“…Due to the difficulty of obtaining direct observations of deep percolation, it is frequently computed as a residual of the water balance. In the Moroccan context, deep percolation has been quantified following the soil water balance approach based on the principle of conservation of mass in the effective rooting depth, detailed in Section 2.6 (Nassah et al, 2018(Nassah et al, , 2017 or by mixing remote sensing data and SAMIR (Satellite Monitoring of Irrigation) tool (Nassah et al, 2022). Deep percolation is the unknown variable in the water balance approach.…”