Mapping ice formation to mineral-surface topography using a micro mixing chamber with video and atomic-force microscopy

Friddle, Raymond W.; Thürmer, Konrad

doi:10.5194/amt-13-2209-2020

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Because heterogeneous ice nucleation is fundamentally a process that occurs on particle surfaces, surface topological features (Friddle & Thürmer, 2020) and variations in surface composition have an effect on the observed ice nucleation properties. Achieving greater insight into the relationship between particle surface properties and their ice nucleation activity can improve understanding of how the differences in ice‐nucleating efficiency between different material arise.…”

Section: Ice Nucleation Parameterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

Burrows

McCluskey

Cornwell

et al. 2022

Reviews of Geophysics

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Atmospheric ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) play a critical role in cloud freezing processes, with important implications for precipitation formation and cloud radiative properties, and thus for weather and climate. Additionally, INP emissions respond to changes in the Earth System and climate, for example, desertification, agricultural practices, and fires, and therefore may introduce climate feedbacks that are still poorly understood. As knowledge of the nature and origins of INPs has advanced, regional and global weather, climate, and Earth system models have increasingly begun to link cloud ice processes to model‐simulated aerosol abundance and types. While these recent advances are exciting, coupling cloud processes to simulated aerosol also makes cloud physics simulations increasingly susceptible to uncertainties in simulation of INPs, which are still poorly constrained by observations. Advancing the predictability of INP abundance with reasonable spatiotemporal resolution will require an increased focus on research that bridges the measurement and modeling communities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and identifies critical knowledge gaps from both observational and modeling perspectives. In particular, we emphasize needs in two key areas: (a) observational closure between aerosol and INP quantities and (b) skillful simulation of INPs within existing weather and climate models. We discuss the state of knowledge on various INP particle types and briefly discuss the challenges faced in understanding the cloud impacts of INPs with present‐day models. Finally, we identify priority research directions for both observations and models to improve understanding of INPs and their interactions with the Earth System.

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Section: Ice Nucleation Parameterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

Burrows

McCluskey

Cornwell

et al. 2022

Reviews of Geophysics

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“…This experiment indicates that ice formed on a small protrusion located on the feldspar surface. As the authors point out, the INAS cannot be directly determined due to limited resolution [Friddle and Thürmer, 2020]. For example, the scale of the identified protrusion (Fig.…”

Section: Multimodal Microanalysis Of Ice Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalysis Techniques to Study Atmospheric Ice Nucleation and Ice Crystal Growth

Knopf,

Knopf

2023

Preprint

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The prediction of how ice crystals form represents one of the great conundrums in the atmospheric sciences with important implications for the hydrological cycle and climate. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs), typically consisting of sub-and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles which can be inorganic, organic, biogenic, or biological, initiate heterogeneous ice nucleation processes leading to ice crystal formation. Heterogeneous ice nucleation commences on the nanoscale at the substrate surface and depends on ambient temperature and humidity. Microanalysis techniques are uniquely suited to examine the physicochemical features of the INPs under relevant atmospheric conditions thereby advancing our understanding of the principal processes that promote ice nucleation. In the atmosphere ice crystals experience growth and sublimation resulting in complex microscopic morphologies which, in turn, impact the ice crystal’s properties. This chapter provides an overview of microanalysis techniques employed in either a multimodal or in situ manner, which shed light on the atmospheric heterogeneous ice nucleation process and how these techniques are applied to explore the complex morphologies of ice crystals. The first section introduces the various atmospheric ice nucleation pathways, provides a brief outline of the underlying nucleation theory demonstrating that nucleation proceeds on the nanoscale, and describes the different ice crystal habits of growth. Section two provides an overview of the microanalysis techniques and experiments to study INPs or ice-nucleating substrates including multimodal instrument approaches followed by in situ ice nucleation studies. Examples of techniques include Raman, atomic force, electron, and X-ray microscopy with discussion of the techniques’ unique capabilities to examine the physical and chemical properties of the ice-nucleating substrate. The third section presents electron microscopy studies of ice crystals during growth and sublimation displaying the morphological complexities of ice crystals. Lastly, section four discusses typical experimental requirements including sample sizes, radiation effects, and the role of standard INPs.

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“…The calculations based on particle distributions in droplets (Wright and Petters, 2013;Harrison et al, 2016) assume that ice active sites are distributed evenly across the surface of a material, that the material is suspended evenly throughout the droplet, and possibly (depending on the specific approach) that the material is composed of uniform spheres and that ice nucleation is time-independent or the characteristic temperatures for each given ice nucleation site are normally distributed. The first assumption is known to be false for some materials; minerals often have higher concentrations of and/or more ice active IN sites near or in specific nanoscale defects, cracks, pores, or other specific regions such as the perthitic textures in some feldspar minerals (Whale et al, 2017;Kiselev et al, 2017;Holden et al, 2019;Friddle and Thürmer, 2020). The second assumption may or may not be true, especially at higher suspension concentrations (Beydoun et al, 2016).…”

Section: Parametric Bootstrapping and Its Shortcomingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A universally applicable method of calculating confidence bands for ice nucleation spectra derived from droplet freezing experiments

2022

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Abstract. A suite of generally applicable statistical methods based on empirical bootstrapping is presented for calculating uncertainty and testing the significance of quantitative differences in temperature and/or ice active site densities between ice nucleation temperature spectra derived from droplet freezing experiments. Such experiments are widely used to determine the heterogeneous ice nucleation properties and ice nucleation particle concentration spectra of different particle samples, as well as in studies of homogeneous freezing. Our methods avoid most of the assumptions and approximations inherent to existing approaches, and when sufficiently large sample sizes are used (approximately >150 droplets and >=1000 bootstrap samples in our system), can capture the full range of random variability and error in ice nucleation spectra. Applications include calculation of accurate confidence intervals and confidence bands, quantitative statistical testing of differences between observed freezing spectra, accurate subtraction of the background filtered water freezing signal, and calculation of a range of statistical parameters using data from a single droplet array freezing experiment if necessary. By providing additional statistical tools to the community, this work will improve the quality and accuracy of statistical tests and representations of uncertainty in future ice nucleation research, and will allow quantitative comparisons of the ice nucleation ability of different particles and surfaces.

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Mapping ice formation to mineral-surface topography using a micro mixing chamber with video and atomic-force microscopy

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

Microanalysis Techniques to Study Atmospheric Ice Nucleation and Ice Crystal Growth

A universally applicable method of calculating confidence bands for ice nucleation spectra derived from droplet freezing experiments

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