Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire (GSF-Q) into EQ-5D-3L and SF-6D in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abstract

BackgroundThe short, self-administered Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Symptom Frequency Questionnaire (GSFQ) is a specific Quality of Life (QoL) instrument which measures the impact of GERD symptoms on QoL. This study aims to map the specific scores in GSFQ into two generic instruments: SF-6D and EQ-5D-3 L, in order to obtain utility estimates derived from the GERD condition.MethodA national representative sample of GERD patients was selected, stratified by gender, age (< 45, ≥45 years) and GERD severity (0-I, II-IV Savary-Miller score) for validation purposes. Age, gender, BMI, GERD diagnose, GERD severity, associated comorbidities and risk factors were recorded. GSFQ, SF-6D, EQ-5D-3 L, and the HRQoL Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were answered by patients. Several mapping methods were estimated, regression using dummy variables, and linear, quadratic and cubic regression using optimal factor scores. The use of a GERD aggregated summary severity derived from the GSFQ was dimed the best predictor. Overall Mean Absolute Error (MAE), overall Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were used as goodness-of-fit (GOF) indexes to compare models.ResultsA total of 3405 patients were recruited by 490 clinicians. Mean age was 49 (±14.4) years and 49.8% were women. Reported comorbidities were clustered in 6 antecedents and 15 concomitant pathologies. Aggregation of levels for the frequency of symptoms items was found more suitable for estimation. Regression weights were found to follow a monotonous progressive pattern. Overall MAE ranged from 0.092 to 0.094 for SF-6D utility prediction and from 0.008 to 0.08 for EQ-5D-3 L, while MAPE values ranged from 27.9 to 29% for SF-6D and from 36.8 to 38.4% for EQ-5D-3 L. Cubic regression GOF demonstrated a better fit.ConclusionsIt is possible to translate specific GSFQ scores assessing GERD condition into generic SF-6D and EQ-5D-3 L utility values. Although regression using dummy variables is a suitable mapping procedure, other alternative mapping methods convey better fit, in particular cubic regression.

Clinical Presentation of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Prospective Study on Symptom Diversity and Modification of Questionnaire Application

“…Allowing freeform reporting of symptoms in addition to a structured questionnaire may provide a more robust symptom profile in reflux disease. There is evidence in literature that structured questionnaires are very helpful and effective for symptom evaluation, and this is confirmed by our study [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Several instruments have been published, validated, and successfully used in clinical practice [41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

“…There is evidence in literature that structured questionnaires are very helpful and effective for symptom evaluation, and this is confirmed by our study [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Several instruments have been published, validated, and successfully used in clinical practice [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Various questionnaires published include the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity Index, the Gastrointestinal Rating Scale, the Chinese GERD Questionnaire, the GERD-Health Related Quality of Life Instrument, the Esophageal Symptoms Questionnaire, and the Reflux Disease Questionnaire [41][42][43][47][48][49][50].…”

Mapping the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire Parent Form onto the Short‐Form Six‐Dimensions version 2

“…Categorical regression with optimal scaling produced the most consistent model for the prediction of SF‐6Dv2‐derived utility value. With a MAE of 0.0811, the final model is similar to those from SF‐6D mapping studies for comparable diseases 17,27,28 …”

“…With a MAE of 0.0811, the final model is similar to those from SF-6D mapping studies for comparable diseases. 17,27,28 There is no universal approach to choosing the right regression technique to predict utility. 3 Here, seven different regression techniques were used to cope with various potential issues relating to the dependent variable such as outliers, heteroscedasticity, skewness, and ceiling effect.…”

Clinical Manifestation of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Young Persons

“…The prevalence of GERD in Ukraine ranges from 11.1-30% [11]. But clinicians emphasize that the given statistical results do not correspond with reality: such patients are much more, because almost a quarter of patients with complaints of GERD (usually heartburn) do not visit the doctors [12]. This is explained both to the young age of patients who first had the disease, and the lack of knowledge about the symptoms and signs of the disease [13].…”