UR-hel, a chimeric virus obtained by replacement of the RNA helicase domain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-U1 replicase with that from the TMV-R strain, could replicate similarly to TMV-U1 in protoplasts but could not move from cell to cell (K. Hirashima and Y. Watanabe, J. Virol. 75:8831-8836, 2001). It was suggested that TMV recruited both the movement protein (MP) and replicase for cell-to-cell movement by unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that a recombinant, UR-hel/V, in which the nonconserved region was derived from TMV-R in addition to the RNA helicase domain of replicase, could move from cell to cell. We also analyzed revertants isolated from UR-hel, which recovered cell-to-cell movement by their own abilities. We found amino acid substitutions responsible for phenotypic reversion only in the nonconserved region and/or RNA helicase domain but never in MP. Together, these data show that both the nonconserved region and the RNA helicase domain of replicase are involved in cell-to-cell movement. The RNA helicase domain of tobamovirus replicase possibly does not interact directly with MP but interacts with its nonconserved region to execute cell-to-cell movement.Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a positive-stranded plant RNA virus, is the type member of the tobamoviruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily. The genomic RNA of TMV is 6,395 nucleotides (nt) long (6) and encodes at least four proteins. The full-length RNA is used to produce 126-kDa and 183-kDa replicase proteins (14), while the 30-kDa movement protein (MP) and the 17.5-kDa coat protein are translated from 3Ј-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs (9, 13, 25). These coding regions are flanked by the 5Ј and 3Ј untranslated regions, both of which are required for viral replication (20,21). Systemic infection of plant viruses proceeds through three steps: intracellular replication, cell-to-cell movement, and long-distance movement (3). It is well known that TMV MP is indispensable for and involved in cell-to-cell movement (5, 17). In a previous study, we found that tobamovirus replicase is also involved in cell-to-cell movement (11). The 126-kDa replicase protein contains two domains showing similarities to the methyltransferase and RNA helicase domains commonly recognized in replicases of various RNA viruses (1,7,8,15,22). There is a relatively nonconserved region between the two domains (8, 22). The 183-kDa replicase is translated by readthrough of the amber termination codon of the 126-kDa protein (2, 19). The read-through region contains so-called RNA polymerase domains, which can also be found in the replicase proteins of various RNA viruses (22).UR-hel, a chimera of TMV-U1 and TMV-R, was constructed by replacing the RNA helicase domain of TMV-U1 with the corresponding region from TMV-R (11) (Fig. 1A).UR-hel could replicate to a level similar to that of TMV-U1 in protoplasts but could not move from cell to cell (11). The defect could not be rescued by MP supplied in trans by coinoculation with wild-type virus or expression in MP-positive transgenic plants (11). ...