Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking, Contiguity, and Excitatory Effects

Jones, Dirk; González-Lima, Francisco

doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.809

Cited by 22 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…This effect is similar to what was found in the present study and may reflect the decrease in signal value of a non-meaningful stimulus. Our study on the blocking effect (Jones and Gonzalez-Lima, 2001b) revealed excitatory effects in the accumbens and CS-US contiguity effects in rCA1, Per, and AC. The present study continues to emphasize the importance of hippocampal and parahippocampal regions in converging auditory (CS) and somatosensory (US) information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

et al. 2007

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The present study reports the first comprehensive map of brain networks underlying latent inhibition learning and the first application of structural equation modeling to cytochrome oxidase data. In latent inhibition, repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a latent form of learning that inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus. As neuronal energy demand to form learned associations changes, so does the induction of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Therefore, cytochrome oxidase can be used as an endpoint metabolic marker of the effects of experience on regional brain metabolic capacity. Quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was used to map brain regions in mice trained on a tone-footshock fear conditioning paradigm with either tone preexposure (latent inhibition), conditioning only (acquisition), conditioning followed by tone alone (extinction), or no handling or conditioning (naïve). The ventral cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate, CA1 hippocampus, and perirhinal cortex showed modified metabolic capacity due to latent inhibition. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the causal influences in an anatomical network of these regions and others thought to mediate latent inhibition, including the accumbens and entorhinal cortex. An uncoupling of ascending influences between auditory regions was observed in latent inhibition. There was also a reduced influence on the accumbens from the perirhinal cortex in both latent inhibition and extinction. The results suggest a specific network with a neural mechanism of latent inhibition that appears to involve sensory gating, as evidenced by modifications in metabolic capacity and effective connectivity between auditory regions and reduced perirhinal cortex influence on the accumbens. Keywords latent inhibition; metabolic mapping; structural equation modeling; cytochrome oxidase; sensory gating; perirhinal cortex; learning and memory In latent inhibition (LI), preexposure to a stimulus inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus (Lubow and Moore, 1959). LI has been demonstrated in several behavioral paradigms in a variety of species, including humans, and is disrupted in schizophrenics (Lubow, 1989). Lesion and pharmacological studies have explored the neural mechanisms underlying LI and have identified several key brain regions. Conditioned drink suppression and eye blink conditioning studies demonstrated that lesions to the entorhinal cortex disrupt LI (Coutureau et al., 1999;Shohamy et al., 2000;Coutureau et al., 2002). Other studies using a conditioned Correspondence should be addressed to: Prof. F. Gonzalez-Lima, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA. Phone (512) Fax (512) 471-4728, email: gonzalez-lima@mail.utexas.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will under...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

et al. 2007

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“…Over the years, the technique has been extensively used to unravel the involvement of specific brain areas in several paradigms involving somatosensory activation through various modalities (Coopersmith and Leon, 1984;Kennedy et al, 1976;Melzer et al, 1985;Schwartz et al, 1979). Furthermore, it has been applied to obtain functional maps of learningrelated activity such as in Pavlovian conditioning (Jones and Gonzalez-Lima, 2001), habituation (Gonzalez-Lima et al, 1989;Toga and Collins, 1981), or different working memory tasks (Friedman and Goldman-Rakic, 1988;Sybirska et al, 2000). The technique also offers the possibility to study the dynamic changes in the activation of a particular area along the different phases of a learning process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Activation Pattern of Distinct Hippocampal Subregions during Spatial Learning and Memory Retrieval

Ros

Pellerin

Magara

et al. 2005

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Activation dynamics of hippocampal subregions during spatial learning and their interplay with neocortical regions is an important dimension in the understanding of hippocampal function. Using the ( 14 C)-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method, we have characterized the metabolic changes occurring in hippocampal subregions in mice while learning an eight-arm radial maze task. Autoradiogram densitometry revealed a heterogeneous and evolving pattern of enhanced metabolic activity throughout the hippocampus during the training period and on recall. In the early stages of training, activity was enhanced in the CA1 area from the intermediate portion to the posterior end as well as in the CA3 area within the intermediate portion of the hippocampus. At later stages, CA1 and CA3 activations spread over the entire longitudinal axis, while dentate gyrus (DG) activation occurred from the anterior to the intermediate zone. Activation of the retrosplenial cortex but not the amygdala was also observed during the learning process. On recall, only DG activation was observed in the same anterior part of the hippocampus. These results suggest the existence of a functional segmentation of the hippocampus, each subregion being dynamically but also differentially recruited along the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval process in parallel with some neocortical sites.

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“…During this period, subjects were exposed to an hour-long 5 seconds on, 1 second off CS tone. This repeated frequency of tone presentations has been determined from previous FDG studies to produce optimal CSevoked buildup of FDG for mapping the regional effects of the tone in the brain (Jones and Gonzalez-Lima, 2001). The change in tone duration did not affect the level of freezing of animals, as verified by the level of freezing observed after the FDG injection.…”

Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FDG uptake was quantified by film densitometry as described previously by Jones and Gonzalez-Lima (2001). Briefly, developed films were placed on a light box and optical density of images was captured by the video camera.…”

Section: Image Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Network model of fear extinction and renewal functional pathways

2007

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The objective of this study was to examine the opposite behavior responses of conditioned fear extinction and renewal and how they are represented by network interactions between brain regions. This work is a continuation of a series of brain mapping studies of various inhibitory phenomena, including conditioned inhibition, blocking and extinction. A tone-footshock fear conditioning paradigm in rats was used, followed by extinction and testing in two different contexts. Fluorodeoxyglucose autoradiography was used to compare mean regional brain activity and interregional correlations resulting from the presentation of the extinguished tone in or out of the extinction context. A confirmatory structural equation model, constructed from a neural network proposed to underlie fear extinction, showed a reversal from negative regional interactions during extinction recall to positive interactions during fear renewal. Additionally, the magnitude of direct effects was different between groups, reflecting a change in the strength of the influences conveyed through those pathways. The results suggest that the extinguished tone encountered outside of the extinction context recruits auditory and limbic areas, which in turn influence the interactions of the infralimbic cortex with the amygdala and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Interestingly, the results also suggest that two independent pathways influence conditioned freezing: one from the central amygdaloid nucleus and the other from the infralimbic cortex directly to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. KeywordsPath analysis; Structural equation modeling; Brain mapping; Prefrontal cortex; Hippocampus; AmygdalaIn the past few years, there has been increased interest in the neural substrates of fear extinction, partly due to the relevance of fear extinction to the treatment of anxiety disorders (Craske, 1999). Brain lesion, stimulation, recording and metabolic mapping studies have addressed the question of which brain areas are important in fear extinction learning and memory in both animals and humans (Quirk et al.,

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Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking, Contiguity, and Excitatory Effects

Cited by 22 publications

References 60 publications

Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

Metabolic Activation Pattern of Distinct Hippocampal Subregions during Spatial Learning and Memory Retrieval

Network model of fear extinction and renewal functional pathways

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