Mapping survey of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases towards mass drug administration in The Gambia

Camara, Yaya; Sanneh, Bakary; Joof, Ebrima; Sanyang, Abdoulie M.; Sambou, Sana; Sey, Alhagie Papa; Sowe, Fatou O.; Jallow, Amadou Woury; Jatta, Balla; Lareef-Jah, Sharmila; Sanneh, Sainey; Njiokou, Flobert; Jack, A; Ceesay, Serign J.; Ukaga, CN

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009462

Cited by 8 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…haematobium infection in B . senegalensis observed in this study corresponds to the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis infection observed in humans in these regions [ 6 , 7 , 30 ]. In recent studies on human populations, urogenital schistosomiasis was more common in CRR than URR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Bulinus senegalensis , the most widely distributed of all the Bulinus species in this study, was the only snail found infected with the human parasite, Schistosoma haematobium , albeit at just four study sites (3 in CRR and 1 in URR). These sites are in communities (Jahanka, Njoren Sare Jabel and Dingiri) that are known hotspots of urogenital schistosomiasis [ 7 , 30 ]. The rate of S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only 5 (0.05%) cases of intestinal schistosomiasis ( S . mansoni ) were detected among the school children sampled [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It further revealed knowledge gaps on the status of schistosomiasis infection in the country [ 28 ] that led to a nationwide mapping of schistosomiasis from May to June 2015. Based on the prevalence revealed by the 2015 study [ 7 ], a mass drug administration campaign for schistosomiasis control was conducted in March 2017 in 19 districts [ 29 ]. According to WHO guidelines for the control of schistosomiasis, the next interventions that should follow should focus on the intermediate snail hosts, as well as on behaviour, water, sanitation and hygiene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two most widely distributed species in Africa are S. haematobium, the causative agent of urogenital schistosomiasis and S. mansoni, which causes the intestinal form of the disease [3]. In The Gambia, urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in the eastern regions (Central River and Upper River Regions) of the country [4][5][6][7], with very few reports on the occurrence of the intestinal form of the disease [7,8]. Transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis is most prevalent in these regions during the rainy season through seasonal laterite pools formed in cuirasse depressions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia

et al. 2021

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There is a need for recent information on intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia as the latest studies were conducted over three decades ago. This study assessed the incidence, species diversity, distribution and infection status of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in the country. Malacological surveys were conducted in all 5 regions of The Gambia: Central River Region (CRR), Upper River Region (URR), Western Region (WR), Lower River Region (LRR) and North Bank Region (NBR). Sampling of snails was undertaken at 114 sites that included permanent water bodies such as streams (bolongs), rice fields, irrigation canals and swamps; and temporal (seasonal) laterite pools. Ecological and physicochemical factors of sites were recorded. Snails were identified morphologically and screened for schistosome infections using molecular techniques. Freshwater snails were found at more than 50% (60/114) of sites sampled. While three species of Bulinus were collected, no Biomphalaria snails were found in any of the sites sampled. Of the total 2877 Bulinus snails collected, 75.9% were identified as Bulinus senegalensis, 20.9% as Bulinus forskalii and 3.2% as Bulinus truncatus. Seasonal pools produced the largest number of snails, and CRR was the region with the largest number of snails. Bulinus senegalensis was found more in seasonal pools as opposed to permanent sites, where B. forskalii and B. truncatus were observed to thrive. Bulinus snails were more common in seasonal sites where aquatic vegetation was present. In permanent sites, the abundance of snails increased with increase in water temperature and decrease in water pH. Bulinus senegalensis was found infected with both S. haematobium and S. bovis, while B. forskalii and B. truncatus had only S. bovis infection. While the human parasite S. haematobium was restricted to just four sites, the livestock parasite S. bovis had a much more widespread geographical distribution across both CRR and URR. This new information on the distribution of intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia will be vital for the national schistosomiasis control initiative.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only 5 (0.05%) cases of intestinal schistosomiasis ( S . mansoni ) were detected among the school children sampled [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia

et al. 2021

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Effects of ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria vector control on ectoparasites and soil-transmitted helminths: a cluster randomized trial

Kositz¹,

Drammeh²,

Vasileva³

et al. 2022

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Estimating the burden of malaria and soil-transmitted helminth co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a geospatial study

Afolabi

Adebiyi²,

Cano

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundLimited understanding exists about the interactions between malaria and soil-transmitted helminths (STH), their potential geographical overlap and the factors driving it. This study characterised the geographical and co-clustered distribution patterns of malaria and STH infections among vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Methodology/Principal findingsWe obtained continuous estimates of malaria prevalence from the Malaria Atlas Project and STH prevalence surveys from the WHO-driven Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of NTDs (ESPEN) covering 2000-2018 and used spatial autocorrelation methods to identify statistically significant clusters for both diseases across SSA. We used the inverse distance weighted kriging (interpolation) methods to estimate STH prevalence. We calculated the population-weighted prevalence of malaria and STH co-infection, and used the bivariate local indicator of spatial association (LISA analysis) to explore potential co-clustering of both diseases at the implementation unit levels.Our analysis shows spatial variations in the estimates of the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum-STH co-infections and identified hotspots across many countries in SSA with inter-and intra-country variations. High P. falciparum and high hookworm co-infections were more prevalent in West and Central Africa, whereas high P. falciparum, high Ascaris lumbricoides, high P. falciparum, and high Trichuris trichiura co-infections were more predominant in Central Africa, compared to other sub-regions in SSA.Conclusions/SignificanceWide spatial heterogeneity exists in the prevalence of malaria and STH co-infection within the regions and within countries in SSA. The geographical overlap and spatial co-existence of malaria and STH could be exploited to achieve effective control and elimination agendas through the integration of the vertical programmes designed for malaria and STH into a more comprehensive and sustainable community-based paradigm.Author SummaryMalaria and worms frequently co-exist together among children living in the poorest countries of the world, but little is known about the specific locations of the combined infections involving the two major parasitic diseases and how they interact and change over the years.We used open access data collected by two public registries, that is, the Malaria Atlas Project and Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of NTDs, to understand the overlap of the two diseases in different parts of Africa, where their burden are more predominant.We found significant differences in the distributions of the combined diseases across different parts of Africa, with large concentrations identified in Central and West Africa. For example, double infections with malaria and hookworm were more common in West and Central Africa, whereas malaria and roundworm, and malaria and whipworm were predominantly found in Central Africa. A large collection of the dual infections was also found in some localities within the countries which appeared to have low burden of the two diseases.These findings provide a useful insight into the areas which could be serving as a reservoir to propagating the transmission of the two diseases. The results of this study could also be used to develop and implement integrated control programmes for malaria and worms, and this could help to achieve the WHO NTD roadmap to ending the neglect to attain Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

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Mapping survey of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases towards mass drug administration in The Gambia

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia

Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia

Effects of ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria vector control on ectoparasites and soil-transmitted helminths: a cluster randomized trial

Estimating the burden of malaria and soil-transmitted helminth co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a geospatial study

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