Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. History, Remembrance and Transformation Processes in the Middle East and North Africa (Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, Philipps-Universität Marburg) which facilitated this edited volume both conceptually and financially. The Philipps-Universität Marburg founded the research network in spring 2013 with funding from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF). Its founding was triggered by the developments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region since 2009, which highlighted the need for a partial reassessment of scholarship on MENA countries, for a development of new interdisciplinary perspectives, and for a deepening of our understanding of the events unfolding in the region: their underlying reasons, historic roots, and future perspectives. Our gratitude extends also to Gregory Fisk for style editing as well as to Leslie Karina Debus and Isabelle Wientzek for copy editing this manuscript.