“…The pledge is made to the 'leader', not to any organisation. On 17 November 2014, Monis posted a brief statement in Arabic on his website: Download extremist sermons and speeches (Rocca, 2017;Winter, 2018) Access online propaganda and recruitment material (Berger, 2015;Mahood and Rane, 2017) Download Islamic State online magazines Dabiq and Rumiyah (Droogan and Peattie, 2017;Jacoby, 2018;Wignell et al, 2018) View violent extremist videos of bombings, shootings and beheadings (Abrahams et al, 2017;Cottee and Cunliffe, 2018) Network with other jihadists by encrypted apps (Shehabat et al, 2017) Develop an online or social media 'foot-print' (Weirman and Alexander, 2018) Broadcast an intent ('leakage') to commit a terrorist attack (Schuurman and Eijkman, 2015) Pledge loyalty (bay'ah) to Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, the caliph of Islamic State (Wagemakers, 2015) Use images of the Islamic State Black Standard flag (Bahari and Hassan, 2014) Leave a terrorist or propaganda message (Zelin, 2015) Leave a martyrdom video (Hafez, 2007;Heck, 2017) Send messages or upload images or video during the attack (Burke, 2016) The wording of the statement reveals more about Monis' narcissism than any professed loyalty to the caliph. Monis pledged allegiance only to 'God', 'his messenger' (the Prophet Muhammad) and 'the Caliphate of the Muslims'.…”