“…This included debates over whether Garvey failed to “enunciate a principle politics,” whether his Pan-Africanism belief was a rhetorical tool for Black pride or whether his followers perhaps “misinterpreted Garvey's call for independence to mean property ownership, free of debt, and mistook his race rhetoric as an endorsement of their local needs” (Patsides, 2007, p. 280). Unlike other Black leaders of his time, Garvey was less interested in class 17 or gender but instead, his focus was on racial self-representation, self-determination, and transnationalism (Graves, 1962; Hansford, 2009; Jagmohan, 2020; Patsides, 2007; Satter, 1996).…”