The Thoroughbred is among the most valuable horse breeds, and its husbandry is a major industry. Mare's milk plays a major role in the health of neonatal foals. Although the main components of mare's milk are broadly characterized, free oligosaccharides (
OS
), which possess various bioactivities in many mammalian milks, have not been fully profiled in Thoroughbreds. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify
OS
in Thoroughbred mare's milk during the first week of lactation, when foals typically consume mare's milk exclusively. A total of 48
OS
structures (including isomers and anomers), corresponding to 20 unique compositions, were identified by nano LC‐Chip QToF‐MS and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Neutral
OS
were the most abundant glycans (58.3%), followed by acidic
OS
containing Neu5Ac (33.3%), a minor presence of fucosylated
OS
structures (6.25%) and one structure containing NeuGc (2.1%). Comparison with other well‐characterized mammalian milks revealed that mare's milk shared 8
OS
structures with human, bovine, pig and goat milk (i.e., 2 sialyllactose isomers, 3 hexose,
LNH
,
LNT
, and
OS
with the composition 3 Hex‐1 Neu5Ac). Additionally, there were seven unique
OS
not previously found in other mammal milks. During the first 7 days of lactation, the percentage of neutral and fucosylated
OS
increased, whereas acidic
OS
decreased and the total
OS
concentration ranged from 217.8 mg·L
−1
to 79.8 mg·L
−1
.