“…However, an embedded cost, transmission usage tariff (TUT) is added in to this formula. In fact, market operators use different approaches to account for this tariff, such as: postage stamp rate method, contract path method, MW-mile method, unused transmission capacity method or counter-flow method (Perez-Arriaga et al, 1995;Shahidehpour et al, 2002;Shu & Gross, 2002). So far, pricing for transmission services using such methods above are still separately accounted for from the energy market price calculation.…”