Marihuana Use and Psychiatric Illness

Halikas, James A.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750260016003

Cited by 71 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The endocannabinoid hypothesis is supported by multiple lines of evidence. First, the use of large amounts of cannabis and THC may produce psychotic symptoms in normal individuals, including delusions, hallucinations, and cognitive impairment, which resemble schizophrenia (Spencer, 1971;Halikas et al, 1972;Chopra and Smith, 1974;McGuire et al, 1994;Emrich et al, 1997;Johns, 2001;D'Souza et al, 2004). Second, cannabis and THC may worsen psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients, contribute to poor outcome, increase the possibility of relapse, and decrease the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs (Breakey et al, 1974;Treffert, 1978;Negrete, 1989;Turner and Tsuang, 1990;Linszen et al, 1994;Martinez-Arevalo et al, 1994;Voruganti et al, 2001;D'Souza et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…THC, under certain conditions and at certain doses, exerts anxiolytic, antidepressant, and hypnotic effects in patients suffering from pain associated with cancer or multiple sclerosis and improves mood and general well-being in normal subjects (Regelson et al, 1976;Glass et al, 1980;Ashton et al, 1981;Fabre and McLendon, 1981;Ilaria et al, 1981;Martyn et al, 1995;Ashton, 1999;Wade et al, 2003). However, under different conditions and at higher doses, cannabis or THC can produce dysphoric reactions, anxiety, panic paranoia, and psychosis (Spencer, 1971;Halikas et al, 1972;Chopra and Smith, 1974;Ashton et al, 1981Ashton et al, , 2005 Dannon et al, 2004;D'Souza et al, 2004;reviewed in Hollister, 1986;Hall and Solowij, 1998).…”

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The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy

2006

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The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy

2006

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“…It is currently the most commonly used illicit drug that affects human psychological health. Many clinical trials have shown that cannabis is a gateway drug to use of other substances and has comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia [1][2][3][4][5][6] . The psychosocial treatment models for cannabis dependence include motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management for adults.…”

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confidence: 99%

Does trait mindfulness level affect quitting cannabis use? A six week follow-up study

Paltun

Altunsoy²,

Özdemir³

et al. 2017

Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Paulo)

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IntroductionCannabis use has proliferated since ancient times. It is currently the most commonly used illicit drug that affects human psychological health. Many clinical trials have shown that cannabis is a gateway drug to use of other substances and has comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia [1][2][3][4][5][6] . The psychosocial treatment models for cannabis dependence include motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management for adults.In addition, brief strategic family therapy, family behavior therapy, family support network intervention and community reinforcement approach counseling, functional family therapy, multidimensional family therapy, and multisystemic therapy are other psychosocial treatment models for youths 7 .Only 29% of cannabis dependent individuals seek treatment 8 , yet significant decreases in cannabis use are seen in 31-36% of individuals that seek treatment 9,10 . Follow-up studies have found that over 60% in substance use disorders end in relapse, leading to potentially chronic and relapsing cases [11][12][13] . Treatment models have been developed to prevent relapse. However, clinical data has shown that treatments used in substance use disorders provide far from satisfactory results 14 . Although cognitive behavioral therapy 15 shows significant short-term effects on many substance users, 50-70% relapse ratio is still a serious problem of this therapy model 16 . New and effective therapies should be researched in order to increase the success of relapse prevention treatments 15 .In 2004, Hayes 17 described the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies 17 as mindfulness-based therapies; new research and applications using mindfulness concepts are being developed for substance use disorders 18 . Although there are multiple definitions, mindfulness is commonly defined as the capacity to place one's attention and focus on the present moment in a non-judgmental, non-reactive, and compassionate manner [19][20][21][22] . Mindfulness has been described as a capacity that is present since birth and that Does trait mindfulness level affect quitting cannabis use? A six week follow-up study AbstractBackground: Only 29% of cannabis dependent individuals seek treatment, yet significant decreases in cannabis use are seen in 31-36% of individuals that seek treatment. Follow-up studies have found that over 60% in substance use disorders end in relapse, leading to potentially chronic and relapsing cases. New and effective therapies should be researched in order to increase the success of relapse prevention treatments. Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the relationship between trait mindfulness level, substance dependence severity and quitting cannabis use. Methods: A hundred and sixty four patients, diagnosed with cannabis dependence, were involved in the study; socidemographic datas were recorded and Addiction Profile Index (API), Mindfuness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) were carried out. Results: We found t...

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“…The cannabinoid hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is supposed to be based on the clinical facts that abuse of cannabis could precipitate the psychotic state, with hallucinations and delusions resembling schizophrenia [1][2][3][4] and worsen positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 5,6 even under regular medication of antipsychotics. 7 Cannabinoid consumption could result in poor outcome and liability to relapse for schizophrenics.…”

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CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia

et al. 2002

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To examine the cannabinoid hypothesis for pathogenesis of schizophrenia, we examined two kinds of polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene, which encodes human CB1 receptor, a subclass of central cannabinoid receptors, in schizophrenics and age-matched controls in the Japanese population. Allelic and genotypic distributions of polymorphism 1359G/A at codon 453 in the coding region and AAT triplet repeats in the 3Ј flanking region in the Japanese population were quite different from those in Caucasians. Although the polymorphism 1359G/A was not associated with schizophrenia, the triplet repeat polymorphism of the CNR1 gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia, especially the hebephrenic subtype (P = 0.0028). Hebephrenic schizophrenia showed significantly increased rate of the 9 repeat allele (P = 0.032, OR = 2.30, 95% CI (1.91-2.69)), and decreased rate of the 17 repeat allele (P = 0.011, OR = 0.208, 95% CI (0.098-0.439)). The present findings indicated that certain alleles or genotypes of the CNR1 gene may confer a susceptibility of schizophrenia, especially of the hebephrenic type. Molecular Psychiatry (2002Psychiatry ( ) 7, 515-518. doi:10.1038 The cannabinoid hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is supposed to be based on the clinical facts that abuse of cannabis could precipitate the psychotic state, with hallucinations and delusions resembling schizophrenia 1-4 and worsen positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 5,6 even under regular medication of antipsychotics. 7 Cannabinoid consumption could result in poor outcome and liability to relapse for schizophrenics. [8][9][10] In addition, heavy cannabis users may develop an amotivational syndrome, reminiscent of some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 11 A Swedish cohort study showed that cannabis use before 18 years of age raises the incidence rate of schizophrenia six-fold. 12 Another study showed that administration of delta-9-hydrocannabinol to normal volunteers induced cognitive impairment of three dimensions resembling closely that of schizophrenic patients. 13 The hallucinogenic action of cannabis and marijuana mediated the central cannabinoid receptor, G protein-coupled receptor CB1, which was discovered in 1988. 14 CB1 receptors were expressed abundantly throughout the brain, especially in substantia nigra, globus pallidus, hippocampus and cerebellum. 15,16 CB1 receptors are encoded by the CNR1 gene (MIM114610), which was cloned by Matsuda et al in 1992. 17 CB1 is located at 6q14-q15, which was included in a schizophrenia susceptibility locus, 6q13-q26, revealed by Cao et al 18 using two independent series of pedigrees, which was designated by Schizophrenia 5 (SCZ5, OMIM 603175). Recently, two polymorphisms, AAT repeats microsatellite in the 3Ј flanking region and 1359 G/A polymorphism at codon 453 in the coding exon of the CNR1 gene, were reported. 19,20 To examine the cannabinoid hypothesis for schizophrenia, we examined these two polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.Genotypic distribution and a...

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Marihuana Use and Psychiatric Illness

Cited by 71 publications

References 75 publications

The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy

The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy

Does trait mindfulness level affect quitting cannabis use? A six week follow-up study

CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia

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