Marijuana-Induced Primary Process Thought in the TAT

West, Alan N.; Martindale, Colin; Hines, Dwight; Roth, Walton T.

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4705_3

Cited by 42 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A number of studies have been performed using the RID to measure primary and secondary process content in texts and verbal speech. The results support the validity of the RID, for example, marijuana produced more primary process content in written stories (West, Martindale, Hines, & Roth, 1983), paranoid schizophrenic participants produced more primary process content in free speech samples than did nonschizophrenic paranoids and nonpsychotic psychiatric patients (West & Martindale, 1988), and psilocybin, a hallucinogen, induced more primary process content (Martindale & Fisher, 1977). Primary process content in written stories was related to creativity as measured with the Alternate Uses Test, remoteness of word associations, and rated creativity in the written stories (Martindale & Daily, 1996).…”

supporting

confidence: 53%

A Swedish Version of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary: Effects of Alcohol and Emotional Enhancement on Primary-Secondary Process Relations

Svensson¹,

Archer²,

Norlander³

2006

HCRJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Regressive Imagery Dictionary (RID) measures the degree of primary and secondary process content in texts and verbal speech/writing. RID was translated into Swedish and 2 studies were performed to validate it. In Study 1, alcohol was used in a placebo design to induce a shift toward the dominance of primary over secondary process thinking. Surprisingly, the alcohol group showed indications of using more secondary process in written stories than both the control group and the placebo group, although there were no significant differences between the groups in primary and secondary process as measured with the Swedish RID. In Study 2, the participants watched either a neutral film or an action film, whereupon they wrote down an ending of their own choosing. The action film condition produced more primary process than the neutral film condition, as measured by the Swedish RID. These findings underline both alcohol dose relationships in behavioral studies and emotional state in primary-secondary process thinking relationships in creative expression. Above all, in validating the Swedish RID scope for new insights into processes involved creative performance is obtained.

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 53%

A Swedish Version of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary: Effects of Alcohol and Emotional Enhancement on Primary-Secondary Process Relations

Svensson¹,

Archer²,

Norlander³

2006

HCRJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a study of a patient with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, primary process content occurred more in sentences containing verbal tics than in sentences not containing tics (Martindale, 1977). Both psilocybin (Martindale & Fischer, 1977) and marijuana (West, Martindale, Hines, & Roth, 1983) produce increases in the primary process content of verbal productions. Fantasy stories told by hypnotized subjects contain more primary process content than those told by nonhypnotized subjects (Comeau & Farthing, 1985).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Process Cognition and Hemispheric Asymmetry

Martindale¹,

Covello²,

West³

1986

The Journal of Genetic Psychology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Several theorists have hypothesized that the right hemisphere operates in a primary process manner, whereas the left hemisphere operates in a secondary process manner. Evidence for this hypothesis, though supportive, has been indirect. In two experiments, we applied a validated content-analytic measure of primary process cognition to verbal material produced by subjects while right-hemisphere and left-hemisphere alpha-wave amplitude was monitored. Both experiments indicated that amount of primary process content in language is related to basal or long-term hemispheric asymmetry (high levels of right-hemisphere activation, as compared to left-hemisphere activation), and that the relation with asymmetry is stronger than that with absolute levels of either right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere activation. Both experiments showed that primary process content is not closely related to momentary asymmetry. The second experiment indicated that within subjects, momentary asymmetry is in fact weakly related to primary process content in the direction opposite to that predicted.

show abstract

“…This is quite different from most other word-count strategies, which make assumptions about the relationship between word categories and what they reveal about underlying psychological characteristics. For example, Martindale's (West et al 1983) regressive image method breaks a large sample of common words into 'concept' words as opposed to sensory words, and holds that those who use concept words are less aligned with the primordial impulses than those who use sensory words. Thus, to 'travel' involves a concept because it does not mention the means of locomotion.…”

Section: The Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ministerial Careers and Accountability in the Australian Commonwealth Government

Dowding¹,

Lewis²

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Accountability for government action and inaction has always been central to the study of government in political science and public administration. In Westminster systems such as Australia's, the heart of academic and media discussion lies in the issue of ministerial accountability. Traditionally the idea behind the Westminster system is that whilst civil servants advise and administer policy, their public face is their minister, who promotes policy and defends department action in parliament and in public. Naturally this directs public attention to ministers and to the processes by which ministers and, through them, public servants are held to account. The manner in which ministers are chosen, how they see their jobs and how they do their jobs are thus key aspects of the governmental and accountability processes. This book examines the roles, responsibilities and accountabilities of Australian Commonwealth cabinet ministers. We will examine what sorts of jobs ministers do, what is expected of them and what they expect of the job. We will examine how they (are supposed to) work together as a team. We will consider aspects of how they are chosen to become ministers, how they are scrutinised by parliament and to some extent by the media, and how ministers view the accountability mechanisms themselves. Subsequent chapters will then explore what the public often considers to be the heart of ministerial accountability: the issues that lead to calls for them to resign. We examine in some detail scandals around ministers. Our final chapter assesses ministerial accountability. This first chapter will examine the roles that ministers are asked to perform and establishes some background theory. We consider the traditional constitutional account of responsibility as well as positive theories about how we can expect accountability mechanisms to work in practice. We explore issues that prime ministers might take into account when choosing ministers and when releasing them from their duties. The chapter performs most of these tasks by reflecting upon and introducing the more detailed accounts to be found in the chapters that follow.

show abstract

Marijuana-Induced Primary Process Thought in the TAT

Cited by 42 publications

References 2 publications

A Swedish Version of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary: Effects of Alcohol and Emotional Enhancement on Primary-Secondary Process Relations

A Swedish Version of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary: Effects of Alcohol and Emotional Enhancement on Primary-Secondary Process Relations

Primary Process Cognition and Hemispheric Asymmetry

Ministerial Careers and Accountability in the Australian Commonwealth Government

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About