Marijuana's Effects on Human Cognitive Functions, Psychomotor Functions, and Personality

Murray, John B.

doi:10.1080/00221309.1986.9710540

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Seventy age-matched participants (N = 35 men; N = 35 women) were randomly assigned to smoke either an active or placebo marijuana cigarette in a double-blind, between-subjects design after which they completed a standardized neuropsychological test battery. Active marijuana impaired selective and divided attention and time estimation (Murray 1986; O'Leary, et al 2003; Wilson, Ellinwood, Mathew, & Johnson 1994). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana

Anderson

Rizzo

Block

et al. 2010

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

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Despite the knowledge that many drugs affect men and women differently, few studies exploring the effects of marijuana use on cognition have included women. Findings from both animal and human studies suggest marijuana may have more marked effects in women. This study examined sex differences in the acute effects of marijuana on cognition in 70 (n= 35 male, 35 female) occasional users of marijuana. Tasks were chosen to tap a wide variety of cognitive domains affected by sex and/or marijuana including attention, cognitive flexibility, time estimation, and visuospatial processing. As expected, acute marijuana use impaired performance on selective and divided attention, time estimation, and cognitive flexibility. While there did not appear to be sex differences in marijuana's effects on cognition, women requested to discontinue the smoking session more often than men likely leading to an underestimation of differences. Further study of psychological differences in marijuana's effects on men and women following both acute and residual effects of marijuana is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana

Anderson

Rizzo

Block

et al. 2010

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

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“…Administration of cannabinoid (CB) agonists results in some well‐characterized behavioural changes such as hypolocomotion, hypothermia, catalepsy and analgesia in animals (Abood & Martin, 1992). In addition, cannabinoids are well‐know for their ability to disrupt information processing, attention and memory in animal and human subjects (Murray, 1986; Heyser et al ., 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional localization of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoid production in distinct neuron populations of the hippocampus

Hoffman

Riegel

Lupica

2003

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The possible localization of cannabinoid (CB) receptors to glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic terminals impinging upon GABAergic interneurons in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus was examined using the electrophysiological measurement of neurotransmitter release in brain slices. Whereas activation of cannabinoid receptors via the application of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 significantly and dose-dependently reduced evoked IPSCs recorded from interneurons possessing somata located in the stratum radiatum (S.R.) and stratum oriens (S.O.) lamellae, evoked glutamatergic EPSCs were unaffected in both neuronal populations. However, in agreement with previous reports, WIN55,212-2 significantly reduced EPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additional experiments confirmed that the effects of WIN55,212-2 on IPSCs were presynaptic and that they could be blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. The involvement of endogenous cannabinoids in the presynaptic inhibition of GABA release was also examined in the interneurons and pyramidal cells using a depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) paradigm. DSI was observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons under control conditions, and its incidence was greatly increased by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. However, DSI was not observed in the S.R. or S.O. interneuron populations, in either the presence or absence of carbachol. Whereas DSI was not present in these interneurons, the inhibitory inputs to these cells were modulated by the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2. These data support the hypothesis that cannabinoid receptors are located on inhibitory, but not excitatory, axon terminals impinging upon hippocampal interneurons, and that CA1 pyramidal neurons, and not interneurons, are capable of generating endogenous cannabinoids during prolonged states of depolarization.

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“…In a study with oral THC, participants who expected to receive a cannabinoid reported greater pleasurable effects and desire to consume more than those without this expectancy (Kirk, Doty, & de Wit, 1998). Similarly, subjective effects experienced by marijuana smokers were more influenced by contextual factors such as set and setting than by THC content (Murray, 1986). …”

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confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a marijuana expectancy manipulation: Piloting the balanced-placebo design for marijuana.

Metrik

Rohsenow

Monti

et al. 2009

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Although alcohol and nicotine administration studies have demonstrated that manipulating subjects' expectancies regarding drug content affects drug response, research with marijuana has not adequately studied drug expectancy effects. The present pilot study was the first to evaluate the credibility and effect of expectancy manipulation on subjective measures and smoking patterns using a marijuana administration balanced-placebo design (BPD). In a 2 × 2 instructional set (told delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] vs. told no THC) by drug (smoked marijuana with 2.8% THC vs. placebo) between-subjects design, the authors examined the effect of marijuana expectancy manipulation and the pharmacologic effect on affective and physiologic measures, cigarette ratings, and smoking behavior with 20 marijuana smokers (mean age = 20 years; 25% female). Large main effects of expectancy were found on ratings of cigarette potency, strength, taste, smell, and satisfaction, and observed smoking behavior. Pharmacologic effects were particularly evident for self-reported physical reactions to marijuana and cigarette potency and satisfaction ratings. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the BPD research with marijuana and yielded promising results for future studies examining the independent and combined effects of marijuana pharmacology and expectancies. Keywords marijuana; cannabis; placebo; expectancy; drug Expected effects of drugs are considered important determinants of behavioral and subjective responses to a drug independent of the pharmacological action of that drug (Vogel-Sprott & Fillmore, 1999). A drug-taking situation involves expectations that a particular drug was administered (i.e., stimulus expectancy) and expectancies about the effects or consequences associated with using the drug (i.e., outcome expectancies). The balanced-placebo design (BPD) is the optimal method for separating pharmacological effects from the cognitive expectations of receiving the drug and its effects (Marlatt & Rohsenow, 1980). This 2 × 2 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jane Metrik, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912. Jane_Metrik@brown.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptExp Clin Psychopharmacol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 25. factorial design crosses the substance that is administered to the participant (drug or placebo) with instructions that are given to the participant about the drug content (drug or placebo). Thus, half of the participants are told they are receiving a drug, and half are told they are receiving no drug (i.e., instructional set manipulation). Half of the participants in each of those instructional conditions actually receive the drug and half do not. This improves on the standard placebo-controlled design by allowing a determination of expectancy effects independent of pharmacologic effects and vice versa (Rohsenow & Marlatt, 1981) and the "antiplacebo" effect of the pharmacological action of the...

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Marijuana's Effects on Human Cognitive Functions, Psychomotor Functions, and Personality

Cited by 35 publications

References 197 publications

Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana

Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana

Functional localization of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoid production in distinct neuron populations of the hippocampus

Effectiveness of a marijuana expectancy manipulation: Piloting the balanced-placebo design for marijuana.

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