Marine Algal Communities

Santelices, B.; Bolton, John J.; Meneses, Isabel

doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226904146.003.0006

Cited by 34 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…The brown algae showed some positive response to the higher temperatures in the fjord during 2008− 2009, but less than the red algae. This is in accordance with red algae generally having a higher affinity to warm water compared to brown algae (Price et al 2006, Santelices et al 2009. A likely consequence of higher sea temperatures in cold temperate zones is therefore that a number of red algal species may become more locally abundant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Climatic and environmental factors influencing occurrence and distribution of macroalgae — a fjord gradient revisited

Sjøtun¹,

Husa²,

Asplin³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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During the last decades, trends of increasing sea water temperatures and precipitation have been observed in the North Atlantic. Increasing sea water temperatures are expected to have strong effects on coastal benthic species. Here, the distributions of macroalgae were correlated to hydrographical indexes determined from measurements at sampling and hydrographical stations along the fjord during 2 investigation periods: 1955−1956 and 2008−2009. The following indexes were used: annual maximum sea temperature, minimum salinity, and salinity stress (calculated as the difference between maximum and minimum salinity). In addition, changes in macroalgal species abundance and distribution range in the fjord were calculated. The hydrographical measurements showed higher summer temperatures and reduced salinity stress due to lower winter salinity during 2008−2009. Results from constrained ordination analyses showed that the highest variation of the macroalgal distributions along the fjord was explained by hydrographical indexes from 5 m depth, and that there were strong response differences between the algal groups. The red algae were most strongly and positively correlated with the maximum temperature gradient, and also negatively correlated with increasing salinity stress. Many red algae species also increased in abundance and their distribution ranges shifted further into the fjord in 2008−2009. The brown algae showed the highest negative correlation with increasing salinity stress, and less change in abundance or range shifts along the fjord. Some brown algae species showed a strong correlation with temperature (positive or negative). These results demonstrate that both temperature and salinity changes will impact cold temperate macroalgal communities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Climatic and environmental factors influencing occurrence and distribution of macroalgae — a fjord gradient revisited

Sjøtun¹,

Husa²,

Asplin³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Thus, the most likely scenario for the dispersal of Ecklonia is that it spread from the Northwest PaciWc to Australia and to South Africa. South African Ecklonia could have come either from Australia (via the West Wind Drift, see Waters 2008) or from Japan (perhaps via Oman), and the evolution of the long, hollow-stiped E. maxima is likely to be an adaptive response to the higher nutrient levels in the Benguela upwelling system (Santelices et al 2009). A route of dispersal of many red seaweed species to South Africa from Japan across the northern Indo-PaciWc, via cooler localised upwellings in epochs where tropical waters were cooler, was proposed by Hommersand (1986).…”

Section: Kelps In the Tropics And The Southern Hemispherementioning

confidence: 99%

The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics

2010

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Despite their ecological and economic importance, no summary of kelp global biogeography has been produced for almost two decades. The circumscription of the order Laminariales and familial and generic relationships in the group have changed considerably recently, in the light of molecular data. A global summary and geographical analysis of kelp species and their distributions (112 species in 33 genera) is presented. These data are analysed and discussed from the perspective of the new consensus of relationships within the group, and likely evolutionary events. The putative ancestors of the kelps occur and are overwhelmingly most diverse, in the cooler waters of northern Japan. The biogeographical evidence suggests three main lines of subsequent evolution: (a) a diversiWcation producing the four 'derived' families Alariaceae, Costariceae, Laminariaceae, and Lessoniaceae and most extant genera in the temperate northern PaciWc, probably during the Miocene. (b) The evolution of an Arctic Xora which invaded the North Atlantic following the opening of the Bering Strait ca. 5.5 Ma. (c) At least four separate crossings, by diVerent genera, of tropical regions from Northern to Southern Hemisphere (and one in the opposite direction). The recorded impacts of man on these distributions have thus far been minimal, with the notable exceptions of Undaria pinnatiWda and species of Saccharina (grown in aquaculture systems for human food). Most genera are monospeciWc, with many conWned to either the western or eastern temperate North PaciWc, whereas the distribution of the most species-rich genera (Alaria, Laminaria, Saccharina) includes the Arctic, and they are widespread in the North Atlantic. This rapid species-level evolution is hypothesised to have been promoted by the relatively recent invasion of the Atlantic by these taxa. The crossing of the tropics has occurred in warm-temperate species some of which occur and are sometimes abundant, in deeper water in today's tropics, refuting the widespread view that kelps are only present in cold-water habitats. Most of these Southern Hemisphere kelps are in the family Lessoniaceae, including the only genus not present in the Northern Hemisphere, Lessonia. The origins of this genus are unclear. Knowledge of the phylogeography of the Ecklonia/Eisenia complex is particularly important in understanding Southern Hemisphere kelp biogeography. A number of groups are undergoing active speciation and, with the lack of a consistent species concept, the species-level taxonomy of the group remains to be clariWed. There is a great need for molecular phylogeographical studies to provide evidence for many of the hypotheses presented here based on distributional evidence and the currently accepted taxonomic framework.

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“…This matches previously published global seaweed diversity patterns, which suggested that biogeographical seaweed diversity does not peak in the tropics. Globally, seaweed species diversity at a biogeographical scale is highest in warm temperate regions (Bolton, 1994;Santelices et al, 2009). Examining spatial trends in α-diversity on its own offers an incomplete understanding of the structuring of biodiversity at regional scales, and more insight may be obtained by looking at species richness (i.e., lists of species, such as which we use in this study) across two scales, sensu Whittaker (1972)-i.e., α-diversity (species richness at the local scale, such as per coastal section) and γ-diversity (total species richness in all coastal sections).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seaweeds in Two Oceans: Beta-Diversity

Smit

Bolton

2017

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Several species assembly mechanisms have been proposed to structure ecological communities. We assess the biogeography of seaweeds along 2,900 km of South Africa's coastline in relation to a thermal gradient produced by the Agulhas Current, and contrast this with the environmental structure created by the Benguela Current. We subdivided the coastline into "bioregions" to examine the regional patterning. To investigate the assembly mechanisms, we decomposed Sørensen's β-diversity into "turnover" (β sim ) and "nestedness-resultant" (β sne ) dissimilarities, and used distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) to relate them to the Euclidean thermal difference, d E , and geographical distance. Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) were used as an additional set of spatial constraints. Variation partitioning was then used to find the relative strengths of thermal and spatially-structured thermal drivers. Spatial and environmental predictors explained 97.9% of the total variation in β sim and the thermal gradient accounted for 84.2% of this combined pool. β sim was the major component of overall β-diversity in the Agulhas Current region, suggesting niche influences (environmental sorting) as dominant assembly process there. The much weaker thermal gradient in the Benguela Current-influenced region resulted in a high amount of β sne that could indicate neutral assembly processes. The intensification of upwelling during the mid-Pliocene 4.6-3.2 Ma (i.e., historical factors) were likely responsible for setting up the strong disjunction between the species-poor west coast and species-rich south and east coast floras, and this separation continues to maintain two systems of community structuring mechanisms in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean influenced sides of South Africa.

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Marine Algal Communities

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Climatic and environmental factors influencing occurrence and distribution of macroalgae — a fjord gradient revisited

Climatic and environmental factors influencing occurrence and distribution of macroalgae — a fjord gradient revisited

The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics

Seaweeds in Two Oceans: Beta-Diversity

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