Marine Autonomous Surface Ship - A Great Challenge to Maritime Education and Training

Deling, Wang; Dongkui, Wu; Changhai, Huang; Changyue, Wu

doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20200601.12

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Since 1964 when the first automated systems were installed on ships, technological advancements have led to more automations being introduced. However, the introduction of Industry 4.0 in the maritime industry referred to as shipping 4.0 is foreseen to disrupt the shipping business and its workforce in an unprecedented way (Bavassano, Ferrari & Tei 2020;Deling, Dongkui, Changhai et al 2020;Kavallieratos, Diamantopoulou & Katsikas 2020). Since the introduction of Industry 4.0 in 2011, there has been a resurgence of the topic of automation in the maritime industry, driven by environmental and land traffic congestion pressures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MUNIN, AAWA, and SVAN, Sea hunter) or are currently being carried out (e.g. YARA Birkeland) with the purpose to decongest roads and provide more sustainable shipping (Emad, Enshaei & Ghosh 2021, Deling et al 2020Munim 2019;Rødseth & Nordahl 2017). However, although valuable but, the automation systems can pose challenges and have negative consequences on human performance (Lee, Park, Jeong et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past and ongoing research (Alop 2019;Deling et al 2020;Edler & Infante 2019;Emad & Shahbakhsh 2022;Emad, Enshaei & Ghosh 2021;Shahbakhsh, Emad & Cahoonema 2021;Hogg & Ghosh 2016;Pazouki, Forbes, Norman et al 2018;Streng & Kuipers 2020) on unmanned and autonomous ships suggest that seafarers will play a key role in the future of maritime transportation as various technologies are being currently experimented (Bertram 2020;Munim 2019;Tanakitkorn 2019). Once these ships become operational, new forms of training will have to be incorporated into the training curriculum for seafarers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying essential skills and competencies towards building a training framework for future operators of autonomous ships: a qualitative study

Emad

Ghosh

2023

WMU J Marit Affairs

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Past and ongoing research in the design, development, and implementation of fully autonomous and unmanned ships has revealed operational, environmental, and financial benefits for the maritime industry. However, with the benefits of being highly intuitive and intelligent systems, there are risks of mistakes and failures caused by their operators i.e. the unavoidable human element. With predictions of both seafarers and non-seafarers to be involved in the critical operations of autonomous vessels, it was imperative to identify key maritime stakeholders and conduct research which would investigate their beliefs and perceptions on the training requirements of the future shore-based operators. The key maritime stakeholders were 37 participants who were a mix of seafarers, maritime regulators, maritime education and training providers, and persons involved in other facets of the maritime business. The qualitative research involving in-depth interviews with the participants provided key insights which helped in identifying essential skills and competencies towards building a recommendatory framework which can be used as a basis to reform the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code in order to make seafarers future ready.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying essential skills and competencies towards building a training framework for future operators of autonomous ships: a qualitative study

Emad

Ghosh

2023

WMU J Marit Affairs

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“…Dybvik et al (Deling et al 2020) studied the challenges of designing and developing SCCs through semi-structured interviews with the research and industry community. They discussed the tasks, functions and interactions expected in the SCC along with unknown skill requirements of SCC operators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operator’s skills and knowledge requirement in autonomous ships control centre

Bachari-Lafteh

Harati-Mokhtari

2021

Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs

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The autonomous ships will be navigating and controlling through the Remote Control Centre (RCC). The purpose of present paper is to identify the certain job requirements, job characteristics, experience requirements of operators in these centers, and it is assumed that two experts or operators (navigation and engine operator) should take charge of the maritime operations of autonomous ships at the RCC. The operators job analysis has been carried out based on the O*Net content model. The results of data analysis showed that the operators of the RCC should have worker requirements such as the ability to use logic, reasoning, thinking and scientific methods and the selection and implementation of appropriate learning strategies. Also experience requirements such as; In-service training, experience in autonomous ships, having a maritime competency certificate and on-side training are important. The navigation operator must be familiar with the passage planning by ECDIS and the principles of electronic navigation. Also, the engine operator must be aware of the knowledge of hydraulic and pneumatic principles and the knowledge of ecology and environmental protection in order to perform his/ her duties.

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“…In some cases, RO should immediately take over the operation control from the onboard autonomy computer system to correct its failure. The safety of unmanned remote control ships highly depends on the qualification of RO [9]. In fact, RO's competence and training are one of the most important elements to avoid accidents pertinent to human errors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Requirements on the Competence of Remote Operator in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship: Situation Awareness, Ship Sense and Goal-Based Gap Analysis

et al. 2020

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Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) has been developed recently, and demonstration projects have been carried out internationally. Considering the full autonomous level is unlikely to be addressed shortly, remote control centre and Remote Operator (RO) will play a vital role in the MASS system. Although competence of watchkeeping at the ship’s bridge is inevitable for RO to avoid ship accidents caused by human errors, international requirements have not been introduced yet. This paper presents a way to develop the regulatory framework on the competence of RO based on the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) by exploring the concept of Situation Awareness (SA). Goal-Based Gap Analysis (GBGA) is constructed based on the human-behaviour model and the required information for SA. A case study through the mini focus group discussion with interviews by a total of three (3) veteran instructors of training ships is conducted utilising the information including the results of previous demonstration projects on the remote control. The results show the relationship between required information and ship sense, shortage of these factors when RO is operating, additional competence and possible regulatory requirements for RO. The findings support the usefulness of GBGA and pave the way to develop a regulatory framework for RO further.

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Marine Autonomous Surface Ship - A Great Challenge to Maritime Education and Training

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Identifying essential skills and competencies towards building a training framework for future operators of autonomous ships: a qualitative study

Identifying essential skills and competencies towards building a training framework for future operators of autonomous ships: a qualitative study

Operator’s skills and knowledge requirement in autonomous ships control centre

Regulatory Requirements on the Competence of Remote Operator in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship: Situation Awareness, Ship Sense and Goal-Based Gap Analysis

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