One of the most intriguing natural observations is the pollination of orchids by sexual deception. Chemicals underpin this interaction between the orchida nd its sexually attracted male insect pollinator,with the signaling compounds involved, called semiochemicals,p redicted to mimic the chemical composition of the sex pheromone.W ei dentified floral semiochemicals from Caladenia (spider orchids) for the first time.W ef urther demonstrate that C. crebra attracts its single pollinator species with aunique system of (methylthio)-phenols,three of whichare new natural products.Furthermore, as predicted, the same compounds constitute the sex pheromone of the pollinator,t he thynnine wasp Campylothynnus flavopictus,r epresenting the first occurrence of sulfurous sex pheromones in Hymenoptera.While studies of plant-pollinator communities show that many plant species attract multiple pollinators, [1] numerous highly specialized pollination systems have been discovered that are underpinned by chemistry.[2a-c] Pollination through sexual deception is ah ighly specialized pollination strategy, primarily known from orchids,w here chemical mimicry of courting female insects leads to the attraction of male pollinators.[2] So far there have only been af ew studies where the compounds involved have been elucidated and confirmed with field bioassays.These include either blends of alkanes and alkenes,o rh ydroxy-and keto acids in Ophrys orchids,c yclohexane-1,3-diones in Chiloglottis orchids,a nd pyrazines in Drakaea orchids. [3] Caladenia is ad iverse genus of Australian terrestrial orchids,comprising over 360 species.[4] Thegenus is unique in that it employs multiple pollination strategies including food reward, food deception, and more than 100 cases of sexual deception.[5] Until now,t he identity of the chemicals for signaling between organisms (semiochemicals) involved in sexual deception has remained elusive for any Caladenia species,a lthough given that many different wasp genera are exploited, multiple chemical systems are expected to operate. Thus,d etailed studies of the chemistry of this genus,b eyond the promise of revealing new natural products,a lso offers au nique opportunity to better understand the role of floral volatiles in the evolution of sexual deception as apollination strategy.In this work, we investigated the chemistry of sexual deception in Caladenia crebra A.S.George.B yc ombining chemical ecology,analytical chemistry,and organic chemistry methods,wedemonstrate that in C. crebra,pollination by the thynnine wasp Campylothynnus flavopictus (Smith, 1859) requires as pecific blend of unique aromatic sulfurous compounds in precise ratios.I nt he exceptional mating behavior of thynnine wasps,t he larger,w inged males carry the smaller, wingless females in copula to af ood source for mating and feeding.[3a] While conducting field bioassays with artificially presented orchid flowers,o nt hree occasions, thynnine wasp pairs were observed arriving at the flower in copula, ab ehavior not previously rep...