Marine-Derived Biowaste Conversion into Bioceramic Membrane Materials: Contrasting of Hydroxyapatite Synthesis Methods

Abstract

Marine-derived biowaste increment is enormous, yet could be converted into valuable biomaterial, e.g., hydroxyapatite-based bioceramic. Bioceramic material possesses superiority in terms of thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties. Bioceramic material also has a high level of biocompatibility when projected into biological tissues. Tuning the porosity of bioceramic material could also provide benefits for bioseparation application, i.e., ultrafiltration ceramic membrane filtration for food and dairy separation processes. This work presents the investigation of hydroxyapatite conversion from crab-shells marine-based biowaste, by comparing three different methods, i.e., microwave, coprecipitation, and sol–gel. The dried crab-shells were milled and calcinated as calcium precursor, then synthesized into hydroxyapatite with the addition of phosphates precursors via microwave, coprecipitation, or sol–gel. The compound and elemental analysis, degree of crystallinity, and particle shape were compared. The chemical compounds and elements from three different methods were similar, yet the degree of crystallinity was different. Higher Ca/P ratio offer benefit in producing a bioceramic ultrafiltration membrane, due to low sintering temperature. The hydroxyapatite from coprecipitation and sol–gel methods showed a significant degree of crystallinity compared with that of the microwave route. However, due to the presence of Fe and Sr impurities, the secondary phase of Ca9FeH(PO4)7 was found in the sol–gel method. The secondary phase compound has high absorbance capacity, an advantage for bioceramic ultrafiltration membranes. Furthermore, the sol–gel method could produce a snake-like shape, compared to the oval shape of the coprecipitation route, another benefit to fabricate porous bioceramic for a membrane filter.

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“…The hydroxyapatite from coprecipitation and sol-gel methods showed a significant degree of crystallinity compared with that of the microwave route. [21]. By comparing the diffractograms of the RX spectra of the two hydroxyapatites (standard and synthesized) it can be deduced that we have synthesized a high quality hydroxyapatite with good crystallinity:…”

Evaluation of the impact of pH of the reaction mixture, type of the stirring, and the reagents' concentration in the wet precipitation method on physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite so as to enhance its biomedical application potential

“…where m a was a mass of HAp powder obtained as a result of performed synthesis, while m t was a mass of HAp powder showing the amount of product which should be formed based on the stoichiometry of balanced chemical reaction (1).…”

“…Hydroxyapatite (HAp) belongs to the group of most frequently inorganic compounds used in the syntheses of biomaterials considered for biomedical purposes including bone tissue regenerative medicine. Many investigations demonstrated its bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteoinductiveness, and osteoconductiveness 1,2 . It was also proved that HAp supports bone tissue regeneration and osteointegration, that is, formation of a direct connection between the living bone and the implant surface 3 .…”

“…Many investigations demonstrated its bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteoinductiveness, and osteoconductiveness. 1,2 It was also proved that HAp supports bone tissue regeneration and osteointegration, that is, formation of a direct connection between the living bone and the implant surface. 3 Thus, HAp is widely applied for preparation of polymer-ceramic composites designed for tissue engineering.…”