Marine fungi: Degraders of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate based plastic materials

Abstract

The search for new biosynthetic and biodegradable materials to save nonrenewable resources and reduce global pollution problems is an urgent task. Recently, materials like thermoplastic poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), have been found synthesized by bacteria as storage materials. The major PHAs synthesized are poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-b-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and their copolymers. They are already commercially produced and used as BIOPOLTM (ICI, England). Their complete degradability by bacteria has already been shown. Today, oceans and estuaries serve as major landfills, and since fungi are an important part of the degrading microbiota, in order to prove their participation in the degradation process, a simple degradation test suitable for fungi and marine conditions had to be developed. Several solid media based on artificial sea water, differing in the content of non-alkanoate organics and supplemented with 0.1% PHA (or BIOPOLTM) as a main source of carbon have been tested. The testing principle consists of clearing the turbid medium in test tube or plates caused by suspended granules of PHA. All media tested supported the growth of fungi. For the discrete and transparent clearing of zones, a mineral medium with 0.01% peptone, 0.01% yeast extract, and 0.1% PHB or BIOPOLTM was finally chosen where the fine and evenly distributed turbidity is accomplished by a specific procedure. This method allows the investigation of degradability of PHA-based plastic materials as well as screening for fungal ability to depolymerise pure PHA homopolymers. Using this medium, 32 strains of marine yeasts and 102 strains of marine mycelial fungi belonging to different systematic and ecological groups were tested for their ability to degrade PHAs. Only about 4% of the strains were able to degrade BIOPOLTM and about 6% depolymerised pure PHB homopolymer. This is in sharp contrast to the results of our previous experiments with 143 strains of terrestrial fungi which showed that 55% are able to degrade BIOPOLTM

Into the Plastisphere, Where Only the Generalists Thrive: Early Insights in Plastisphere Microbial Community Succession

“…The pathogenic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides, present in our samples across all substrates at 6 and 12 weeks, is reported to biodegrade polyethylene (PE) (Bonhomme et al, 2003), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (Breuker et al, 2003) and PU (Brunner et al, 2018). Additionally, Gonda et al (2000) reported that the fungus Debaryomyces hansenii, found in the North Sea, biodegraded PHB, as did Matavulj and Molitoris (2009), who reported the biodegradation of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by D. hansenii. Sarocladium kiliense is another fungus identified within our samples, which has been reported to biodegrade PE (Karlsson et al, 1988), whilst Trichoderma viride, also found in soil and landfill material, has been reported to biodegrade PLA (Lipsa et al, 2016) and LDPE (Munir et al, 2018).…”

Marine Environmental Plastic Pollution: Mitigation by Microorganism Degradation and Recycling Valorization

“…Due to their vast metabolic potential, including the extracellular multienzyme complexes (Matavulj and Molitoris, 2009;Kettner et al, 2017), fungi are natural candidates for the research of their plastic biodegradability capabilities. As with bacterial species, (micro)plastic biofilms are a promising resource of fungal species that can degrade plastic fragments.…”

Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution

“…Fungi are incredibly active in decomposing natural polymeric materials owing to their extracellular multienzyme complexes. They are also capable of rapidly colonizing and penetrating substrates via their hyphal systems and transporting and redistributing nutrients within their mycelium via their hyphal systems ( Matavulj and Molitoris, 2009 ). A diverse range of fungal strains from various classes, ecologies, and morphologies has been demonstrated to destroy plastics.…”