Marine Isotope Stage 11: Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and its role as an analogue for the current interglacial

Terrestrial versus marine archives: biostratigraphical correlation of the Middle Pleistocene lacustrine records from central Europe and their equivalents in the deep-sea cores from the Portuguese margin

“…Us ing this ap proach this term usu ally does not cor respond with the ma rine/ice warm peaks de scribed as odd numbers -MIS 5, 9, 11 (see re view in Candy et al, 2014), be cause their du ra tion is most of ten def i nitely shorter. Their equiv a lent in ma rine re cords is named "full inter gla cial con di tion" or "ma jor warm cli mate peak", with out pre cise iden ti fi ca tion of the on set and ter mi na tion.…”

“…Be cause the es ti mated age of the whole MIS 13 is ~60 ky (Rodrigues et al, 2011) this inter gla cial would com prise al most the en tire iso tope stage -an ex ceptional sit u a tion in com par i son with other MIS. This warm stage im i tates to some ex tent a cli mate change dur ing the Holsteinian with the first phase colder than the sec ond one (fir horn beam zone) fol low ing the OHO (Voelker et al, 2010;Candy et al, 2014) as can be seen in ma rine and ter res trial re cords. However, tem per a ture es ti mates of the first half of MIS 13 in the MD03-2699 core were sim i lar or in con spic u ously higher (16-16.3°C) than these in di cat ing the pres ence of a pine for est in east ern Po land.…”

“…In Po land, its pol len con tent is up to 10%. The ar gu ment used by Candy et al (2014) about lo cation of the Holsteinian palaeolakes on the thick An glian/Elsterian/Sanian 1 till, de pos ited by one of the great est glaciations in Eu rope, is not with out sig nif i cance. In Po land, nu mer ous Holsteinian lakes, of ten ex ten sive, deep and with thick de pos its, were also a re sult of this pro cess.…”

“…The es ti mated age of 393-426 ka (33 ky) is very close to that at Ossówka. The du ra tion of the Holsteinian (~25-30 ky) is ac cepted in most re cent stud ies (see over view in Tzedakis et al, 2012;Candy et al, 2014). The first tem per ate op ti mum at £uków, cal cu lated from pine to pine and cor re lated with the third cul mi na tion of MIS 15, lasted ~15 ky (from 580 to 565 ka BP), while the up per horn beam op ti mum with the border ing pine for ests -~8 ky (from 563 to 555 ka).…”

“…How ever, we are of ten un able to cor relate un equiv o cally these ma rine re cords with the pol len data on land. Un til re cently, only the strati graphic po si tions of the MIS 5e (Eemian Inter gla cial) and MIS 11c (Holsteinian Inter gla cial) equiv a lents were ac cepted on the con ti nent (Desprat et al, 2005;Candy et al, 2014;Railsback et al, 2015;Berger et al, 2016) and the pol len se quences, which are the most pow er ful tool in the cor re la tion, have well-de fined palynological char acter is tics. Other ter res trial an a logues of ma rine warm phases are known al most ex clu sively from mam ma lian or mol lus can records or from pol len se quences that are mostly frag men tary and of un cer tain po si tion (Preusser et al, 2005).…”