Marine notches in the Maltese islands (central Mediterranean Sea)

Abstract

a b s t r a c tWe present the first detailed survey of tidal notches in the central Mediterranean area, in particular along the coastline of Gozo and Comino (Malta). The Maltese Islands represent one of the few sites in the Sicily Channel which exhibits coastal carbonate rocks. Marine notches on the islands of Gozo and Comino were surveyed by means of a seven day continuous snorkeling survey around the entire perimeter of the two islands. We surveyed the occurrence, lack and typology of marine notches and we correlated them with late Holocene sea level changes. Sea temperature (T) and electrical conductivity (EC) were collected along the route in order to locate the submarine springs and to relate them to the surveyed notches.A well-carved continuous roof notch was discovered along most of the plunging cliffs. It is well-carved out, in particular along the northern and western coast of Gozo. It develops from about 0.2 m above the mean sea level down and it can be up to 1.5e2 m deep. On the contrary, tidal notches are localised only in 8 sites. In 2 sites, Vermetid trottoirs develop at low tide level. In addition, at about À7 m to À10 m m.s.l., a 2e5 m wide marine terrace develops along extensive tracts of plunging cliffs, always in correspondence with the roof notches. This submerged terrace seem to be the result of the late Holocene slowdown of the sea level rise, which started to smooth the terrace and to carve out the submerged part of the roof notch, thanks to the exposed location of the islands and the favourable lithology.Through the collection of hydrological data, the presence of 21 submarine springs were detected. They occur mainly in the south-western coast of Gozo and on eastern coast of Comino. Anyway, marine notches seem not to be related to the freshwater outflow, such as those in the Adriatic Sea, because the studied islands are very exposed. As a consequence, along the Maltese islands bioerosion seems to be the most effective process in notch development.

The rocky coasts of the Mediterranean Sea: field studies

“…The accuracy of observations increases with increasing calm sea and good weather conditions, so the method can be very useful in close sea basins, such as the Mediterranean, rather than in ocean basins, where tides are wider and waves are higher. The snorkel surveys carried out in the frame of the Geoswim project adopted the protocol suggested by FURLANI et al, (2014bFURLANI et al, ( , 2017a. The surveys are carried out using snorkel observations at ~1 m from the shoreline, following the favourable wind driven currents.…”

Headland or stack? Paleogeographic reconstruction of the coast at the Faraglioni Middle Bronze Age Village (Ustica Island, Italy)

“…The maximum depth measured in the channel separating the stack from the mainland is -2 m m.s.l. During the Middle Bronze Age, the sea level was 2.2 m lower than today, adding the galcio-hydroeustatic component [Lambeck et al, 2011] and the tectonic component of 0.23 mm/a suggested by Furlani et al [2017]. Therefore, a small path of rock, emerging above the sea level, connected the foot of the sea cliff with the stack.…”

Malta: Submerged Landscapes and Early Navigation

“…The arrival of agriculture and the demonstrable maritime activities of the subsequent periods took place when sea level was as much as 6 m lower than present (Lambeck et al 2011;Furlani et al 2013Furlani et al , 2017. It is therefore possible that some of the earliest farming and navigation activities would have involved the use of coastal areas that are now submerged.…”