Marine spatial planning in Barbuda: A social, ecological, geographic, and legal case study

Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth; McClintock, Will; Burton, Ogden; Burton, Wayde; Estep, Andy; Mengerink, Kathryn J.; Porter, Read; Tate, Stephanie

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103793

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The management plan for SKNMMA has been drafted and the country is currently pilot testing management actions in a few zones. The island of Barbuda began a comprehensive Blue Halo Initiative marine spatial planning process in 2012 and regulations were adopted in 2014 [73]. A number of other Caribbean countries have engaged in the MSP process, such as Pedro Bank, Jamaica [74] and the Grenadine Islands [75]; however, adoption of recommendations or zoning plans is still pending.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional High-Resolution Benthic Habitat Data from Planet Dove Imagery for Conservation Decision-Making and Marine Planning

et al. 2021

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High-resolution benthic habitat data fill an important knowledge gap for many areas of the world and are essential for strategic marine conservation planning and implementing effective resource management. Many countries lack the resources and capacity to create these products, which has hindered the development of accurate ecological baselines for assessing protection needs for coastal and marine habitats and monitoring change to guide adaptive management actions. The PlanetScope (PS) Dove Classic SmallSat constellation delivers high-resolution imagery (4 m) and near-daily global coverage that facilitates the compilation of a cloud-free and optimal water column image composite of the Caribbean’s nearshore environment. These data were used to develop a first-of-its-kind regional thirteen-class benthic habitat map to 30 m water depth using an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. A total of 203,676 km2 of shallow benthic habitat across the Insular Caribbean was mapped, representing 5% coral reef, 43% seagrass, 15% hardbottom, and 37% other habitats. Results from a combined major class accuracy assessment yielded an overall accuracy of 80% with a standard error of less than 1% yielding a confidence interval of 78%–82%. Of the total area mapped, 15% of these habitats (31,311.7 km2) are within a marine protected or managed area. This information provides a baseline of ecological data for developing and executing more strategic conservation actions, including implementing more effective marine spatial plans, prioritizing and improving marine protected area design, monitoring condition and change for post-storm damage assessments, and providing more accurate habitat data for ecosystem service models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional High-Resolution Benthic Habitat Data from Planet Dove Imagery for Conservation Decision-Making and Marine Planning

et al. 2021

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“…The disaster trap 11/24 However, what makes this example illuminating for this project is that while a gilded trap has long gripped Antigua, Barbuda has resisted -due in part to their starkly contrasting land-use 1 Sources for system components shown in Figure 2: economic growth, foreign direct investment, and development assistance (World Bank DataBank, 2021); tourism complex (ILO, 2020; Mohammed and Rei, 2020;Antigua & Barbuda Statistics Division, 2021); economic shock (ILO, 2020); pre-existing economy (Lightfoot, 2020); land tenure (Look et al, 2019;Lightfoot, 2020); land-use change (EJA, 2021;GLAN, 2021;own data -Google Earth Pro); wealth inequality (Thomas, 1994;Davies et al, 2007;Credit Suisse, 2018; climate change (Simpson et al, 2009;Wong et al, 2014;Birchenough, 2017;WHO and UNFCCC, 2020); geophysical shocks (CRED, 2021;NOAA, 2021); hazard defences; built environment (own data -OpenStreetMap, 2021); natural environment (Lewsey et al, 2004;Carr et al, 2009;Johnson et al, 2020;Hubbart et al, 2020;UN, 2021); damage (Look et al, 2019;Lightfoot, 2020); disaster capitalism complex and privatisation (Ferrando, 2018;Gould and Lewis, 2018;Gruenbaum, 2018Look et al, 2019;Sou, 2019;Brown, 2020;Lightfoot, 2020;Wright et al, 2020); monetisation of risk (World Bank and GFDRR, 2010;Antigua & Barbuda Census, 2011;CCRIF, 2021); build-back recovery (L...…”

Section: An Empirical Illustration Of the Disaster Trap: Antigua And Barbudamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With its sparse built environment, Barbuda has kept its beach systems more intact than other islands with intensive resort development (Gould and Lewis, 2018). The spatial extent of mangrove systems around both islands has declined steeply, and the ecological health of their reef and fish ecosystems remain vulnerable (Lewsey et al, 2004;Carr et al, 2009;Johnson et al, 2020;Hubbart et al, 2020; UN, 2021) -especially given climate change projections that suggest the future may bring less precipitation, hotter temperatures, and sealevel rise (Simpson et al, 2009;Wong et al, 2014;Birchenough, 2017;WHO and UNFCCC, 2020). National guidance advises shoreline set-backs, dune and vegetation conservation, and coastal stewardship, but seawalls are prevalent on Antigua (James, 2003;Simpson et al, 2012); the more rural Barbuda still appears largely free from seawalls.…”

Section: An Empirical Illustration Of the Disaster Trap: Antigua And Barbudamentioning

confidence: 99%

The disaster trap: cyclones, tourism, colonial legacies, and the systemic feedbacks exacerbating disaster risk

Lazarus¹

2022

Preprint

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The long, open-ended period of recovery from a disaster event is the phase of a disaster that the interdisciplinary field of disaster studies struggles to understand. In the process of rebuilding, places do not simply reset -they transform, often in ways that confound any reduction of disaster risk, instead making people and settings more vulnerable to future hazard events.Reducing disaster risk is regarded as a global priority, but policies intended to reduce disaster risk have been largely ineffective. This obduracy represents a grand challenge in disaster studies.Here, I propose that the correlated trends of runaway economic costs of disaster events, growing social inequity, environmental degradation, and resistance to policy intervention in disaster settings are hallmark indicators of a system trap -a dynamic in which self-reinforcing feedbacks drive a system toward an undesirable and seemingly inescapable state, with negative consequences that tend to amplify each other over time. I offer that these trends in disaster settings are the collective expression of an especially powerful and distinct kind of system trap, which here I term the "disaster trap" -a new theoretical concept to help explain and address runaway disaster risk. I suggest that disaster traps are likely strongest in tourism-dominated coastal settings with high exposure to tropical cyclones and colonial histories of racial capitalism, which I explore with an empirical illustration from Antigua & Barbuda. Formalising a linkage between gilded and safe-development traps matters because their effects likely compound each other nonlinearly, such that disaster risk only increases and disaster risk reduction becomes increasingly difficult to achieve. Addressing traps requires understanding them as dynamic systems, described as fundamentally and completely as possible -their components, mechanisms, drivers, and structure -in order to reveal when and where interventions might be most effective at reducing disaster risk.

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“…Establishing legal zones without proper representation of local communities (e.g., indigenous fishers) can lead to strong opposition and/or inefficient management. Local communities may simply perceive MSP as a strategy to prevent their access to resources upon which their livelihoods depend (Johnson et al, 2020). Nevertheless, addressing lack of representativity is not an easy task for planners because spatial data that reflect the social and cultural dimensions (or more generally human dimensions; here the two terms are used interchangeably) of a given site are not easily produced.…”

Section: Past and Current Marine Spatial Planning Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the codification and evaluation of cultural values and criteria for mapping and valuing/monetizing culturally significant areas should be more consistent. Standard methods for studies to address sociocultural values in MSP (e.g., heatmaps for each traditional activity, calculated using data from interviews as spatial access priority (SAP) per km2) should be developed and implemented (Johnson et al, 2020). For instance, maps of fishing areas that take into account financial, subsistence and culturally relevant areas may be produced (Outeiro et al, 2019).…”

Section: Improve the Capacity And Sophistication Of Sociocultural Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Missing Layers: Integrating Sociocultural Values Into Marine Spatial Planning

et al. 2021

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Marine spatial planning in Barbuda: A social, ecological, geographic, and legal case study

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Regional High-Resolution Benthic Habitat Data from Planet Dove Imagery for Conservation Decision-Making and Marine Planning

Regional High-Resolution Benthic Habitat Data from Planet Dove Imagery for Conservation Decision-Making and Marine Planning

The disaster trap: cyclones, tourism, colonial legacies, and the systemic feedbacks exacerbating disaster risk

The Missing Layers: Integrating Sociocultural Values Into Marine Spatial Planning

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