Marine sulphur emissions

Liss, Peter S.; Hatton, Angela D.; Malin, Gill; Nightingale, Philip D.; Turner, Suzanne M.

doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0011

Cited by 157 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The main acids in the atmosphere, sulfuric and nitric acids, are generated by the oxidation of sulfur and N gases emitted by biogenic, volcanic, and anthropogenic sources (16)(17)(18), the latter of which is dominant at present. It has been noted that there is a higher fraction of LIP in polluted air masses (39,40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the nature of atmospheric acid processing of mineral dusts in supplying bioavailable phosphorus to the oceans

Stockdale

Krom

Mortimer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Acidification of airborne dust particles can dramatically increase the amount of bioavailable phosphorus (P) deposited on the surface ocean. Experiments were conducted to simulate atmospheric processes and determine the dissolution behavior of P compounds in dust and dust precursor soils. Acid dissolution occurs rapidly (seconds to minutes) and is controlled by the amount of H + ions present. For H + < 10 −4 mol/g of dust, 1-10% of the total P is dissolved, largely as a result of dissolution of surface-bound forms. At H + > 10 −4 mol/g of dust, the amount of P (and calcium) released has a direct proportionality to the amount of H + consumed until all inorganic P minerals are exhausted and the final pH remains acidic. Once dissolved, P will stay in solution due to slow precipitation kinetics. Dissolution of apatite-P (Ap-P), the major mineral phase in dust (79-96%), occurs whether calcium carbonate (calcite) is present or not, although the increase in dissolved P is greater if calcite is absent or if the particles are externally mixed. The system was modeled adequately as a simple mixture of Ap-P and calcite. P dissolves readily by acid processes in the atmosphere in contrast to iron, which dissolves more slowly and is subject to reprecipitation at cloud water pH. We show that acidification can increase bioavailable P deposition over large areas of the globe, and may explain much of the previously observed patterns of variability in leachable P in oceanic areas where primary productivity is limited by this nutrient (e.g., Mediterranean).atmospheric processing | ocean macronutrients | desert dusts

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These precursor species can be the result of natural processes, such as the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide released by phytoplankton in oceanic surface waters (16), volcanic eruptions (17), or lightning. However, at present, the main source of such gases in the northern hemisphere is anthropogenic (18).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the nature of atmospheric acid processing of mineral dusts in supplying bioavailable phosphorus to the oceans

Stockdale

Krom

Mortimer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The main exception is dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is known to be produced biogenically in the ocean [8,9] and yields the inorganic aerosol component sulfate upon complete oxidation in the atmosphere. [10,11] Isoprene, the strongest terrestrial biogenic emission, has also been observed as an oceanic emission [12] and in laboratory based studies of plankton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for marine production of monoterpenes

et al. 2008

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Environmental context. Laboratory incubation experiments and shipboard measurements in the SouthernAtlantic Ocean have provided the first evidence for marine production of monoterpenes. Nine marine phytoplankton monocultures were investigated using a GC-MS equipped with an enantiomerically-selective column and found to emit monoterpenes including (−)-/(+)-pinene, limonene and p-ocimene, all of which were previously thought to be exclusively of terrestrial origin. Maximum levels of 100-200 pptv total monoterpenes were encountered when the ship crossed an active phytoplankton bloom. Abstract.Laboratory incubation experiments and shipboard measurements on the SouthernAtlantic Ocean have provided the first evidence for marine production of monoterpenes. Nine marine phytoplankton monocultures were investigated using a GC-MS equipped with an enantiomerically-selective column and found to emit at rates, expressed as nmol Monoterpenes were detected in marine air sufficiently far from land as to exclude influence from terrestrial sources. Maximum levels of 100-200 pptv total monoterpenes were encountered when the ship crossed an active phytoplankton bloom, whereas in low chlorophyll regions monoterpenes were mostly below detection limit.

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“…As SO 2 is rapidly oxidised and either rained out or deposited to particles its impact on the sulphur budget is largely regional rather than global; therefore dimethyl sulphide (DMS), mainly dominated by the smaller biogenic inputs (Liss et al, 1997), is the major source of oxidised sulphur compounds at high southern latitudes away from direct continental source emissions of SO 2 (Gondwe et al, 2003). Once in the troposphere the nonsea salt sulphate particles (nss-SO 2− 4 ) and methane sulphonic acid (MSA), resulting from the oxidation of DMS, are the main sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) which is believed to alter the radiation budget of the earth affecting the surface temperature and climate (Charlson et al, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DMS and MSA measurements in the Antarctic Boundary Layer: impact of BrO on MSA production

et al. 2008

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Abstract. In situ measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and methane sulphonic acid (MSA) with a minimum in sea extent. Whilst seasonal variability and interannual variability can be attributed to a number of factors, short term variability appeared strongly dependent on air mass origin and trajectory pressure height. The MSA and derived non-sea salt sulphate (nss-SO 2− 4 ) measurements showed no correlation with those of DMS (regression R 2 =0.039, and R 2 =0.001 respectively) in-line with the complexity of DMS fluxes, alternative oxidation routes, transport of air masses and variable spatial coverage of both sea-ice and phytoplankton. MSA was generally low throughout the year, with an annual average of 42 ng m −3 (9.8±13.2 pptV), however MSA: nss-SO 2− 4 ratios were high implying a dominance of the addition oxidation route for DMS. Including BrO measurements into MSA production calculations demonstrated the significance of BrO on DMS oxidation within this region of the atmosphere in austral summer. Assuming an 80% yield of DMSO from the reaction of DMS+BrO, an atmospheric concentration of BrO equal to 3 pptV increased the calculated MSA production from DMS by a factor of 9 above that obtained when considering only Correspondence to: K. A. Read (km519@york.ac.uk) reaction with the hydroxyl radical. These findings have significant atmospheric implications, but may also impact on the interpretation of ice cores which previously relied on the understanding of MSA and nss-SO 2− 4 chemistry to provide information on environmental conditions such as sea ice extent and the origins of sulphur within the ice.

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Marine sulphur emissions

Cited by 157 publications

References 63 publications

Understanding the nature of atmospheric acid processing of mineral dusts in supplying bioavailable phosphorus to the oceans

Understanding the nature of atmospheric acid processing of mineral dusts in supplying bioavailable phosphorus to the oceans

Evidence for marine production of monoterpenes

DMS and MSA measurements in the Antarctic Boundary Layer: impact of BrO on MSA production

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