Marinoan-aged red beds at Shennongjia, South China: Evidence against global-scale glaciation during the Cryogenian

Bai, Huaqing; Kuang, Hongwei; Liu, Yongqing; Peng, Nan; Chen, Xiaoshuai; Wang, Yuchong

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109967

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…The timing of the beginning of the Cryogenian was shifted from 850 to 720 Ma recently ( Shields-Zhou et al, 2015 ), and the nature of the Cryogenian period is the subject of vivid and ongoing discussions (e.g., Hoffman et al, 2017 ; Bai et al, 2020 ). Therefore, data published on the Cryogenian before 2015 (including, e.g., acritarchs) should be carefully considered within the context of the current timing.…”

Section: Discussion–liquid Water To Ice Phase Transition As a Land Pl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the context of our hypothesis, the consensus that the Cryogenian was millions of years of extremely cold climate dominated by continental glaciations is sufficient. Scenarios for the climate extremity range from severe “Snowball Earth” to milder–“Slushball Earth” ( Hoffman et al, 2017 ; Bai et al, 2020 ). With the interruption of more than 10 Ma of warmer interlude, the Cryogenian lasted approximately 80 Ma.…”

Section: Discussion–liquid Water To Ice Phase Transition As a Land Pl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continents were possibly not completely glaciated even in the maxima of actual glaciation epochs. Exposed alluvial plains and tidal flats allowed the development of subaeric periglacial zones with permafrost ( Retallack et al, 2015 ; Bai et al, 2020 ). The constituents of petroleum phytane, pristane (isoprenoid alkanes formed from phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll), and sterane (derived from steroids or sterols) in marine sediments provide evidence that there was no break in the activity of photosynthetic eukaryotes during the Cryogenian glacial epochs ( Wang et al, 2008 ; Hoshino et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Paleogeography Of the Cryogenianmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split

Žárský

Hanáček

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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For tens of millions of years (Ma), the terrestrial habitats of Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period (between 720 and 635 Ma before present–Neoproterozoic Era) were possibly dominated by global snow and ice cover up to the equatorial sublimative desert. The most recent time-calibrated phylogenies calibrated not only on plants but on a comprehensive set of eukaryotes indicate that within the Streptophyta, multicellular charophytes (Phragmoplastophyta) evolved in the Mesoproterozoic to the early Neoproterozoic. At the same time, Cryogenian is the time of the likely origin of the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta and later, also of the Zygnematophyceae–Embryophyta split. This common ancestor is proposed to be called Anydrophyta; here, we use anydrophytes. Based on the combination of published phylogenomic studies and estimated diversification time comparisons, we deem it highly likely that anydrophytes evolved in response to Cryogenian cooling. Also, later in the Cryogenian, secondary simplification of multicellular anydrophytes and loss of flagella resulted in Zygnematophyceae diversification as an adaptation to the extended cold glacial environment. We propose that the Marinoan geochemically documented expansion of first terrestrial flora has been represented not only by Chlorophyta but also by Streptophyta, including the anydrophytes, and later by Zygnematophyceae, thriving on glacial surfaces until today. It is possible that multicellular early Embryophyta survived in less abundant (possibly relatively warmer) refugia, relying more on mineral substrates, allowing the retention of flagella-based sexuality. The loss of flagella and sexual reproduction by conjugation evolved in Zygnematophyceae and zygomycetous fungi during the Cryogenian in a remarkably convergent way. Thus, we support the concept that the important basal cellular adaptations to terrestrial environments were exapted in streptophyte algae for terrestrialization and propose that this was stimulated by the adaptation to glacial habitats dominating the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. Including the glacial lifestyle when considering the rise of land plants increases the parsimony of connecting different ecological, phylogenetic, and physiological puzzles of the journey from aquatic algae to terrestrial floras.

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Section: Discussion–liquid Water To Ice Phase Transition As a Land Pl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion–liquid Water To Ice Phase Transition As a Land Pl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Paleogeography Of the Cryogenianmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split

Žárský

Hanáček

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The Neoproterozoic hard snowball Earth hypothesis first proposed by Hoffman et al (1998) which envisages a fully frozen Earth for millions of years is facing severe challenges from growing new evidence, such as syn‐glacial carbonate precipitation (Allen & Etienne, 2008; Fairchild et al, 2016; Fleming et al, 2016; Gu et al, 2019; Hood et al, 2022; Zhao et al, 2020), paired δ 13 Ccarb and δ 13 Corg values (i.e., Δ 13 Ccarb–org) from post‐glacial cap carbonates (Sansjofre et al, 2011), and glacial and nonglacial red beds (Allen & Etienne, 2008; Bai et al, 2020). These indicate an episode of an interglacial period during the Marinoan glacial epoch (Allen & Etienne, 2008; Bai et al, 2020). Nevertheless, strong redox stratification made nearly the entire glacial sea stagnate during the deposition of the Nantuo Formation, and the glacial sea in South China was still dominated by anoxic, sulphidic and ferruginous bottom water with temporary oxic/suboxic surface water (Lang et al, 2018; Gu et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary model of the Ediacaran Doushantuo cap carbonates from the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block: Evidence from carbon and oxygen isotopes and elemental geochemistry

et al. 2022

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Cap carbonate of the early Ediacaran period represents an abrupt climate shift from severe Marinoan glaciation to a post-glacial warm environment. Some consensuses on the distinctive negative excursion of δ 13 Ccarb and the origin of its unique sedimentary structures have been reached over the past decades, but certain aspects such as the distribution and redox conditions of cap carbonate still remain controversial. To resolve these issues, we collected detailed samples of the Doushantuo cap carbonate from the Ganlong-Fanyang section and the Poutoushang reservoir section in the Danzhai County, southeast Guizhou Province, respectively. We conducted carbon and oxygen isotope analysis and trace element analysis in this study. The Ganlong-Fanyang section was possibly situated in a submarine highland because of its higher carbon isotope than that of the Potoushang section according to the carbon isotopic gradient. Negative carbon isotope excursions at the basal Doushantuo cap carbonate from the two sections correlate well with those from other equivalent cap carbonates and were corresponding to the first one (SN1 or EN1) of the carbon isotopic curve during the Ediacaran period, implying a remarkable global event after the post-Marinoan glaciation. Geochemical features of trace elements and rare earth elements support an overall oxygenrich condition with syn-depositional or pene-contemporaneous hydrothermal activities and methane seeps during the deposition of cap carbonate. We reconstruct a new sedimentary model that the Doushantuo cap carbonates were mainly precipitated in relatively shallow-to deep-water shelf environments without disturbance by abundant terrestrial materials, which may be on isolated platforms over the early developed grabens in a deep-water basinal condition, rather than within the entire oceanic basin.

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“…The continents were possibly not completely glaciated even in the maxima of actual glaciation epochs. Exposed alluvial plains and tidal flats allowed the development of subaeric periglacial zones with permafrost (Retallack, 2015;Bai et al, 2020). The phytane, pristane and sterane in marine sediments provide evidence there was no break in the activity of photosynthetic eukaryotes during the Cryogenian glacial epochs (Wang et al, 2008, Hoshino et al 2017).…”

Section: Palaeogeography Of the Cryogenianmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenian glacial habitats as a plant terrestrialisation cradle – the origin of the anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae split

Žárský¹,

Žárský²,

Martin³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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For tens of millions of years (Ma) the terrestrial habitats of Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period (between 720 to 635 Ma before present - Neoproterozoic Era) were possibly dominated by global snow and ice cover up to the equatorial sublimative desert. The most recent time-calibrated phylogenies calibrated not only on plants, but on a comprehensive set of eukaryotes, indicate within the Streptophyta, multicellular Charophyceae evolved in Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, while Cryogenian is the time of likely Anydrophyta origin (common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta) and also of Zygnematophyceae – Embryophyta split. Based on the combination of published phylogenomic studies and estimated diversification time comparisons we found strong support for the possibility Anydrophyta likely evolved in response to Cryogenian cooling, and that later in Cryogenian secondary simplification of multicellular Anydrophytes resulted in Zygnematophyceae diversification. We propose Marinoan geochemically documented expansion of first terrestrial flora has been represented not only by Chlorophyta, but also by Streptophyta – including the Anydrophyta – and later by Zygnematophyceae, thriving on glacial surfaces until today. It is possible multicellular early Embryophytes survived in less abundant, possibly relatively warmer refugia, relying more on mineral substrates allowing retention of flagella-based sexuality. Loss of flagella and sexual reproduction by conjugation evolved in Zygnematophyceae during Cryogenian in a remarkable convergent way as in Cryogenian-appearing zygomycetous fungi. We thus support the concept of the important basal cellular exaptations to terrestrial environments evolved in streptophyte algae and propose this was stimulated by the adaptation to glacial habitats dominating the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. Including the glacial lifestyle in the picture of the rise of land plants increases the parsimony of connecting different ecological, phylogenetic and physiological puzzles of the journey from aquatic algae to the terrestrial floras.

show abstract

Marinoan-aged red beds at Shennongjia, South China: Evidence against global-scale glaciation during the Cryogenian

Cited by 28 publications

References 118 publications

Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split

Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split

Sedimentary model of the Ediacaran Doushantuo cap carbonates from the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block: Evidence from carbon and oxygen isotopes and elemental geochemistry

Cryogenian glacial habitats as a plant terrestrialisation cradle – the origin of the anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae split

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