Maritime pollutants in shipping and commercial European ports based on relevant physical and biogeochemical environmental parameters (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract

Ports are closed or semi-closed coastal systems with limited water circulation, poor flushing and weak tidal exchange.

Macrozoobenthos in the Adriatic Sea ports: Soft-bottom communities with an overview of non-indigenous species

“…In terms of macrofauna densities, there were differences between less abundant assemblages (176-344 ind./0.1m 2 ) from Rijeka, Ancona and Pula and highly abundant assemblages from Koper (927 ind./0.1m 2 ) and Bari (1075 ind./0.1m 2 ). In the shallow and closed or semi-closed coastal systems with limited water circulation, poor flushing and weak tidal exchange, the abundance of soft-bottom macrofauna is variable and usually governed by local environmental factors (Sakellariadou, 2015). Areas characterized by such hydrographic conditions are generally susceptible to eutrophication, siltation, organic overloading and oxygen crises and often are associated with more or less degraded soft-bottom benthic communities (Zarkanellas, 1979;Stachowitsch, 1991;Diaz and Rosenberg, 1995;Diaz, 2001;Levin et al, 2009;Tillin and Tyler-Walter, 2013).…”

“…Apart from unfavourable physical background, ports are exposed to long-term anthropogenic pressure enhanced by urban, industrial and shipping development. They are generally indicated as pollution hotspots or areas of stagnation (Sakellariadou, 2015), with a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants, releasing intentionally or unintentionally into marine environment, compromising its environmental quality and additionally affecting soft-bottom communities. In both, physically disturbed and/or polluted areas, macrofauna abundances can increase, decrease or stay unchanged, depending on the relative abundances of opportunistic, sensitive and tolerant species (Clark and Warwick, 1990).…”

A Distribution of pH and Temperatures in Palopo Coastal Water, South Sulawesi

“…The dissolved oxygen in water is needed by the biota for respiration [20]. Therefore, temperature changes will impact marine life and aquatic ecosystems [8,10].…”

“…The range of values of sea surface temperature in Indonesia is around 27-30 o C and then there is a difference in the annual mean of sea surface temperature between one aquatic and the others [8]. The distribution of sea surface temperature is influenced by oceanographic factors such as currents, tides, meteorological factors and topography [9] The degree of acidity (pH) of the waters is affected by natural factors (carbonate minerals) and anthropogenic act (waste disposal) [10]. The pH value of sea water tends to be constant over time [8].…”

Operational Oceanography in Ports and Coastal Areas, Applications for the Management of Pollution Events

“…The Mediterranean Quality Status Report [3] by the United Nat Environmental Program has identified a clear correlation between the density of mari traffic and the frequency of maritime accidents, resulting in the pollution of the ma environment and coastal areas. Maritime traffic also affects ports, which can be regarded as closed or semi-closed coastal systems characterized by limited water circulation, inadequate flushing and weak tidal exchange [4]. Additionally, as in the case of many ports and embayments, the port of Olbia hosts an intensive and commercially significant mussel farming activity that covers a wide area inside the port, as well as the impact of sewage discharges from the town of Olbia, which has a population of over 61,000 inhabitants (as of 2022).…”