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Is the world today facing the clash of civilizations (S. Huntington), the end of history (F. Fukuyama) or rather the global-scale clash between secular and religious nationalism within the borders of particular nation states (M. Juergensmeyer)? The article critically introduces and discusses Mark Juergensmeyer's comparative analyses of religious nationalist movements from all over the world and from all the main religious traditions: Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Shia, Sunni, Sikh, Buddhist and Hindu. The paper puts Mark Juergensmeyer's analyses into the bro-ader context of the secularization and desecularization debate which the analyses are part of. The world according to Juergensmeyer is not facing the socalled "clash of civilizations" that Samuel Huntington's famous thesis implicates but instead a global rebellion against the secular state and secular (dis)order. This conflict -sometimes violent, but primarily a nonviolent clash between secular and religious nationalism -is going on inside the borders of particular nation states and inside particular "civilizations". Religious nationalism is a new form of nationalism, gro-wing since the 1970s, as a consequence of the crisis of secular ideologies and failures of secular political movements. Juergensmeyer's research is based on almost thirty years of field research, on several case studies, and on interviews with more than one hundred activists in religious nationalist movements (ordinary members as well as high ranking leaders, mainstream religious nationalist movements as well as terrorist and militant ones).Keywords: religious nationalism, desecularization, religious terrorism, the new cold war "Vycházející hvězda" americké sociologie náboženství a jeden z hostů prestižní konference Fórum 2000, Mark Juergensmeyer, na základě dlouholetého empirického výzkumu v "horkých" oblastech naší planety ukazuje na nově se rýsující konfliktní linie po rozpadu bipolárního světa. Do svého zorného pole si bere zejména nastupující náboženská hnutí, včetně jejich militantních a teroristických variant, vesměs stojících na okrajích hlavního proudu těchto hnutí. Nejcennější na jeho analýzách je komparativní metodologická perspektiva uplatněná při pohledu na náboženská hnutí. Na základě srovnávání empirického materiálu z prostředí různých typů společností jak vysoce industrializovaných, tak rozvojových a postkoloniálních, a rovněž z prostředí hlavních náboženských tradic -islámské, hinduistické, buddhistické, sikhské, katolické, protestantské a židov-ské, Juergensmeyer identifikuje překvapivě mnoho podobností. Mluví o společných vzorcích celosvětově se šířící náboženské revolty proti donedávna dominujícímu sekularizmu -ačkoliv pokaždé vystupuje v poněkud jiných kulturně-náboženských či socioekonomických kulisách. Přitom k náboženské rebelii dochází na různých řádovostních úrovních
Is the world today facing the clash of civilizations (S. Huntington), the end of history (F. Fukuyama) or rather the global-scale clash between secular and religious nationalism within the borders of particular nation states (M. Juergensmeyer)? The article critically introduces and discusses Mark Juergensmeyer's comparative analyses of religious nationalist movements from all over the world and from all the main religious traditions: Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Shia, Sunni, Sikh, Buddhist and Hindu. The paper puts Mark Juergensmeyer's analyses into the bro-ader context of the secularization and desecularization debate which the analyses are part of. The world according to Juergensmeyer is not facing the socalled "clash of civilizations" that Samuel Huntington's famous thesis implicates but instead a global rebellion against the secular state and secular (dis)order. This conflict -sometimes violent, but primarily a nonviolent clash between secular and religious nationalism -is going on inside the borders of particular nation states and inside particular "civilizations". Religious nationalism is a new form of nationalism, gro-wing since the 1970s, as a consequence of the crisis of secular ideologies and failures of secular political movements. Juergensmeyer's research is based on almost thirty years of field research, on several case studies, and on interviews with more than one hundred activists in religious nationalist movements (ordinary members as well as high ranking leaders, mainstream religious nationalist movements as well as terrorist and militant ones).Keywords: religious nationalism, desecularization, religious terrorism, the new cold war "Vycházející hvězda" americké sociologie náboženství a jeden z hostů prestižní konference Fórum 2000, Mark Juergensmeyer, na základě dlouholetého empirického výzkumu v "horkých" oblastech naší planety ukazuje na nově se rýsující konfliktní linie po rozpadu bipolárního světa. Do svého zorného pole si bere zejména nastupující náboženská hnutí, včetně jejich militantních a teroristických variant, vesměs stojících na okrajích hlavního proudu těchto hnutí. Nejcennější na jeho analýzách je komparativní metodologická perspektiva uplatněná při pohledu na náboženská hnutí. Na základě srovnávání empirického materiálu z prostředí různých typů společností jak vysoce industrializovaných, tak rozvojových a postkoloniálních, a rovněž z prostředí hlavních náboženských tradic -islámské, hinduistické, buddhistické, sikhské, katolické, protestantské a židov-ské, Juergensmeyer identifikuje překvapivě mnoho podobností. Mluví o společných vzorcích celosvětově se šířící náboženské revolty proti donedávna dominujícímu sekularizmu -ačkoliv pokaždé vystupuje v poněkud jiných kulturně-náboženských či socioekonomických kulisách. Přitom k náboženské rebelii dochází na různých řádovostních úrovních
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely applied model organism in current biological science. As a widespread opportunistic pathogen, E. coli can survive not only by symbiosis with human, but also outside the host as well, which necessitates the evaluation of its response to the space environment. Therefore, to keep humans safe in space, it is necessary to understand how the bacteria respond to this environment. Despite extensive investigations for a few decades, the response of E. coli to the real space environment is still controversial. To better understand the mechanisms how E. coli overcomes harsh environments such as microgravity in space and to investigate whether these factors may induce pathogenic changes in E. coli that are potentially detrimental to astronauts, we conducted detailed genomics, transcriptomic and proteomic studies on E. coli that experienced 17 days of spaceflight. By comparing two flight strains LCT-EC52 and LCT-EC59 to a control strain LCT-EC106 that was cultured under the same temperature conditions on the ground, we identified metabolism changes, polymorphism changes, differentially expressed genes and proteins in the two flight strains. The flight strains differed from the control in the utilization of more than 30 carbon sources. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one deletion were identified in the flight strains. The expression level of more than 1000 genes altered in flight strains. Genes involved in chemotaxis, lipid metabolism and cell motility express differently. Moreover, the two flight strains also differed extensively from each other in terms of metabolism, transcriptome and proteome, indicating the impact of space environment on individual cells is heterogeneous and probably genotype-dependent. This study presents the first systematic profile of E. coli genome, transcriptome and proteome after spaceflight, which helps to elucidate the mechanism that controls the adaptation of microbes to the space environment.
Since the intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service in the fall of 2001, research and development related to decontamination for this biological agent have increased substantially. This review synthesizes the advances made relative to B. anthracis spore decontamination science and technology since approximately 2002, referencing the open scientific literature and publicly available, well-documented scientific reports. In the process of conducting this review, scientific knowledge gaps have also been identified. This review focuses primarily on techniques that are commercially available and that could potentially be used in the large-scale decontamination of buildings and other structures, as well as outdoor environments. Since 2002, the body of scientific data related to decontamination and microbial sterilization has grown substantially, especially in terms of quantifying decontamination effcacy as a function of several factors. Specifically, progress has been made in understanding how decontaminant chemistry, the materials the microorganisms are associated with, environmental factors, and microbiological methods quantitatively impact spore inactivation. While advancement has been made in the past 15 years to further the state of the science in the inactivation of bacterial spores in a decontamination scenario, further research is warranted to close the scientific gaps that remain.
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