Marked effects of intracranial volume correction methods on sex differences in neuroanatomical structures: a HUNT MRI study

Abstract

To date, there is no consensus whether sexual dimorphism in the size of neuroanatomical structures exists, or if such differences are caused by choice of intracranial volume (ICV) correction method. When investigating volume differences in neuroanatomical structures, corrections for variation in ICV are used. Commonly applied methods are the ICV-proportions, ICV-residuals and ICV as a covariate of no interest, ANCOVA. However, these different methods give contradictory results with regard to presence of sex differences. Our aims were to investigate presence of sexual dimorphism in 18 neuroanatomical volumes unrelated to ICV-differences by using a large ICV-matched subsample of 304 men and women from the HUNT-MRI general population study, and further to demonstrate in the entire sample of 966 healthy subjects, which of the ICV-correction methods gave results similar to the ICV-matched subsample. In addition, sex-specific subsamples were created to investigate whether differences were an effect of head size or sex. Most sex differences were related to volume scaling with ICV, independent of sex. Sex differences were detected in a few structures; amygdala, cerebellar cortex, and 3rd ventricle were larger in men, but the effect sizes were small. The residuals and ANCOVA methods were most effective at removing the effects of ICV. The proportions method suffered from systematic errors due to lack of proportionality between ICV and neuroanatomical volumes, leading to systematic mis-assignment of structures as either larger or smaller than their actual size. Adding additional sexual dimorphic covariates to the ANCOVA gave opposite results of those obtained in the ICV-matched subsample or with the residuals method. The findings in the current study explain some of the considerable variation in the literature on sexual dimorphisms in neuroanatomical volumes. In conclusion, sex plays a minor role for neuroanatomical volume differences; most differences are related to ICV.

Longitudinal development of hippocampal subregions from childhood to adulthood

“…However, in our discussion we focus on the results for raw volumes, as we were mainly interested in how subregion volumes change over time, and how these longitudinal developmental patterns are associated with sex and general cognitive ability. First, previous results show that whether and how one includes a global variable like ICV in the statistical analyses may directly influence regional results in complex ways (Dennison et al, 2013;Pintzka, Hansen, Evensmoen, & Håberg, 2015;Sanfilipo, Benedict, Zivadinov, & Bakshi, 2004). Second, recent results also show that global metrics, including ICV, continue to change in late childhood and adolescence (Mills et al, 2016) and controlling for these measures in developmental studies thus generates a different research question of relative change.…”

Sex differences in impulsivity and brain morphometry in methamphetamine users

“…Finally, prior studies found inconsistent morphometry with and without correction for ICV, with one study finding opposites results when adding sexual dimorphic covariates to their ANCOVA analysis (Pintzka et al 2015). To address this, we ran our analyses with and without correcting for ICV and the majority of our results remained significant when co-varying for ICV.…”

Adolescent maturation of the relationship between cortical gyrification and cognitive ability

“…To identify specific brain regions with significant lGI effects, we used cluster-wise correction for multiple comparisons from Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations (Pintzka et al, 2015; Royle et al, 2013). Clusters were initially obtained using a p < 0.001 (two-tailed) vertex-wise threshold, and then reported only if they met additional cluster-wise probability of p <0.05 (two-tailed).…”