Markers of dietary fat quality and fatty acid desaturation as predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective study

Warensjö, Eva; Sundström, Johan; Vessby, Bengt; Cederholm, Tommy; Risérus, Ulf

doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.203

Cited by 239 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…On the other hand, our studies show that over-consumption of saturated FAs is associated with the presence and extent of carotid plaque (78) and with other CVD risk factors such as glucose intolerance (59,67,82), blood pressure (67,77) and elevated heart rate (83,84). These findings support the prospective studies by Vessby's group in Sweden that recently showed a direct link between serum levels of the saturated myristic and palmitic FAs and cardiovascular mortality (89).…”

Section: Coronary Heart Diseasesupporting

confidence: 88%

The legacy of the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program: a historical perspective

Ebbesson

2011

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Background. The Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program was established at the University of Alaska (UA) at a time when there was no research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that was concerned with Alaska Native health issues. The program grew out of a dire need for an understanding of the apparently rapidly growing health problems in the Native community. The initial plan included the following objectives. Objectives. The objectives are to develop a self-sustaining infrastructure for biomedical research by gaining support from Alaska Natives, UA, national political leaders, NIH and the Russian Academy of Medical Science (RAMS); to identify researchers committed to helping Alaska Natives; to develop meaningful, Native-driven participatory research; to carry out necessary research to form the foundation for future research; and to develop circumpolar collaborations. Results. The objectives were achieved because of the extraordinary and cheerful contributions by all participants in the program. The collaborative research resulted in some 70 published manuscripts identifying and characterizing research-neglected health problems. Unique risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, alcoholism and seasonal affective disorders were characterized and institutionalized prevention programs were established. The effort of the program led to U.S. Congressional action establishing the University of Alaska as a minority institution, leading to the funding of a variety of successful NIH-funded research centres and programs at the university that are concerned with Native health problems. Conclusion. A small, visionary investment by the University of Alaska for establishing the program led to a co-operative effort by the UA, RAMS, Alaska Native Health communities and the NIH that resulted in the development of self-sustaining medical research efforts in Alaska and Siberia. The program spawned pilot studies, leading to NIH-funded research that has provided fundamental insights into the etiology of health problems and their reduction by research-based intervention and prevention programs.

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Section: Coronary Heart Diseasesupporting

confidence: 88%

The legacy of the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program: a historical perspective

Ebbesson

2011

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…On the other hand, changes in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with respect to insulin resistance were lipoprotein-specific. Epidemiological prospective studies have shown that high proportions of esterified palmitic and stearic, and low proportions of esterified linoleic fatty acids in serum are risk factors for type 2 diabetes [33][34][35], myocardial infarction [36,37], the metabolic syndrome [38] and overall and cardiovascular mortality [39]. The relationship between the amount of polyunsaturated fat in the diet and the respective proportions of serum esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids is strong [40,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum saturated fatty acids containing triacylglycerols are better markers of insulin resistance than total serum triacylglycerol concentrations

et al. 2009

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Aims/hypothesis The weak relationship between insulin resistance and total serum triacylglycerols (TGs) could be in part due to heterogeneity of TG molecules and their distribution within different lipoproteins. We determined concentrations of individual TGs and the fatty acid composition of serum and major lipoprotein particles and analysed how changes in different TGs and fatty acid composition are related to features of insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Methods We performed lipidomic analyses of all major lipoprotein fractions using two analytical platforms in 16 individuals, who exhibited a broad range of insulin sensitivity. Results We identified 45 different TGs in serum. Serum TGs containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were positively, while TGs containing essential linoleic acid (18:2 n−6) were negatively correlated with HOMA-IR. Specific serum TGs that correlated positively with HOMA-IR were also significantly positively related to HOMA-IR when measured in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) and LDL, but not in HDL subfraction 2 (HDL 2 ) or 3 (HDL 3 ). Analyses of proportions of esterified fatty acids within lipoproteins revealed that palmitic acid (16:0) was positively related to HOMA-IR when measured in VLDL, IDL and LDL, but not in HDL 2 or HDL 3 . Monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1 n−7) and oleic (18:1 n−9) acids were positively related to HOMA-IR when measured in HDL 2 and HDL 3 , but not in VLDL, IDL or LDL. Linoleic acid was negatively related to HOMA-IR in all lipoproteins. Conclusions/interpretation Serum concentrations of specific TGs, such as TG(16:0/16:0/18:1) or TG(16:0/18:1/18:0), may be more precise markers of insulin resistance than total serum TG concentrations.

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“…As such studies can only identify associations and cannot elucidate mechanisms, the same concerns have been raised in relation to the relationship between dietary fat type and CVD risk. Warensjö et al (2008) identified that many intervention studies looking at this relationship have been of too short duration, too underpowered and have often failed to adequately assess intakes of individual fatty acids. Gibson et al (2009) reviewed the evidence from cohort studies in relation to dairy foods and coronary heart disease (CHD) and concluded that there was no consistent evidence that dairy food consumption was associated with higher risk of CHD.…”

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

Givens

2010

Animal

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Foods derived from animals are an important source of nutrients in the diet but there is considerable uncertainty about whether or not these foods contribute to increased risk of various chronic diseases. For milk in particular there appears to be an enormous mismatch between both the advice given on milk/dairy foods items by various authorities and public perceptions of harm from the consumption of milk and dairy products, and the evidence from long-term prospective cohort studies. Such studies provide convincing evidence that increased consumption of milk can lead to reductions in the risk of vascular disease and possibly some cancers and of an overall survival advantage from the consumption of milk, although the relative effect of milk products is unclear. Accordingly, simply reducing milk consumption in order to reduce saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake is not likely to produce benefits overall though the production of dairy products with reduced SFA contents is likely to be helpful. For red meat there is no evidence of increased risk of vascular diseases though processed meat appears to increase the risk substantially. There is still conflicting and inconsistent evidence on the relationship between consumption of red meat and the development of colorectal cancer, but this topic should not be ignored. Likewise, the role of poultry meat and its products as sources of dietary fat and fatty acids is not fully clear. There is concern about the likely increase in the prevalence of dementia but there are few data on the possible benefits or risks from milk and meat consumption. The future role of animal nutrition in creating foods closer to the optimum composition for long-term human health will be increasingly important. Overall, the case for increased milk consumption seems convincing, although the case for high-fat dairy products and red meat is not. Processed meat products do seem to have negative effects on long-term health and although more research is required, these effects do need to be put into the context of other risk factors to long-term health such as obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption.Keywords: milk, meat, chronic disease, animal nutrition ImplicationsIncreasing obesity and an ageing population increase the risk of chronic disease and its associated financial cost substantially. Diet is a modifier of risk and since milk, meat and their products are staple components of most Western diets, it is very important to understand whether these foods increase or decrease the risk of chronic disease. Milk appears to provide some worthwhile reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer and while this needs further understanding, the implications for milk production and milk consumers are potentially very substantial. There remains uncertainty about the effects of red meat and processed meat in the diet and these need urgent clarification both for the consumer and the producer. IntroductionPublic health nutrition is facing multiple and major challenges. In particular, there are three m...

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Markers of dietary fat quality and fatty acid desaturation as predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective study

Cited by 239 publications

References 60 publications

The legacy of the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program: a historical perspective

The legacy of the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program: a historical perspective

Serum saturated fatty acids containing triacylglycerols are better markers of insulin resistance than total serum triacylglycerol concentrations

Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

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