Markers of murine embryonic and neural stem cells, neurons and astrocytes: reference points for developmental neurotoxicity testing

Abstract

The biological and ethical basis of the use of human embryonic stem cells for in vitro test systems or cell therapy ALTEX 25,163-190. This paper describes the derivation and use of different pluripotent stem cells, including ethical implications of human embryonic stem cells and applications for toxicity testing.

Food for thought ... considerations and guidelines for basic test method descriptions in toxicology

“…Rothen-Rutishauser, 2008;Heindl et al, 2008;Wanner and Schreiner, 2008;Li, 2008a,b;Hagelschuer et al, 2009;Bahramsoltani et al, 2009;Manzer et al, 2009;Pelkonen et al, 2009;Sauer et al, 2009;Kamusella, 2009;Ullrich et al, 2009). this also involved the presentation of new test systems based on cells (Henn et al, 2009;Leist et al, 2008a;Kuegler et al, 2010;Schindler et al, 2009) in addition to in silico approaches (Vedani et al, 2009;Sauer, 2009a;Goris et al, 2009;Hartung and Hoffmann, 2009). …”

Monocrotophos in Gandaman village: India school lunch deaths and need for improved toxicity testing

“…While there is no deus ex machina to solve all these challenges for the experimental toxicologist, the advent of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provides significant improvements (Baquié et al 2012;Leist et al 2008), enabling the impact of potentially toxic pesticides to be studied on virtually all types of cells without recourse to immortalized cell lines. Within the last 5 years, the European ESNATS consortium has been developing pluripotent stem cell-based toxicity tests, and first results demonstrate that such test systems may indeed become powerful tools (Krug et al 2013;Bolt 2013;Vojnits et al 2012;Kern et al 2013;Meganathan et al 2012;Kuegler et al 2010;Zimmer et al 2011a, b;Balmer et al 2012). The consortium has shown that complex functional endpoints can be transferred to in vitro test systems Kadereit et al 2012;Zimmer et al 2012).…”

Adverse Outcome Pathway on binding of agonists to ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult brain leading to excitotoxicity that mediates neuronal cell death, contributing to learning and memory impairment

“…Such markers include: • Pro-and antiinflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β; TNF-α, Il-6, IL-4) ; or expression of immunostimmulatory proteins (e.g. MHC-II) • Itgam, CD86 expression as markers of M1 microglial phenotype • Arg1, MRC1, as markers of M2 microglial phenotype (for description of techniques, see Falsig, 2004;Lund, 2006 ;Kuegler, 2010;Monnet-Tschudi et al, 2011;Sandström et al, 2014;von Tobel et al, 2014) Regulatory examples using the KE: Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whose increase is a marker of astrocyte reactivity, is required by the US EPA for fuel additives (40 CFR 79.67), but is optional for other toxicant evaluation. …”