Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

Abstract

BackgroundTo overcome the current overexploitation of fish rich in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), microalgae have become a promising marine lipid source. The purpose of this study was to assess eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), isolated or combined from distinct marine origins, on the promotion of neuroprotective effects.MethodsThe experiment lasted for 10 weeks and involved 32 Wistar rats, divided into 4 diets (n = 8): a diet rich in milk fat was taken as control (Milk Fat) and compared to n-3 LCPUFA enriched diets, either in EPA + DHA form through fish oil (Fish Oil), or EPA through Nannochloropsis oil (Nanno), or DHA through Schizochytrium oil (Schyzo), while maintaining Milk Fat incorporation.ResultsPlasma lipid profile and dopamine levels were more beneficial in Fish Oil diet. In addition, n-3 LCPUFA incorporation was found increased in liver and erythrocytes from Fish Oil fed rats, suggesting that fish oil is a better dietary source for fatty acids deposition in the organism than microalgae. The Forced Swimming Test revealed a positive behavioural action of EPA + DHA, in opposition to Milk Fat and Nanno diets, which had higher immobile times. mRNA levels of serotonin receptors, HT1A and HT2A along with CREB, the transmission factor for learning and memory, were higher in the hippocampus of rats fed n-3 LCPUFA diets comparative to Milk Fat.ConclusionTaken together, the combination of EPA and DHA from fish oil can counteract the undesirable health effects of saturated fat based diets and benefit, in the long run, neurological function.

Omega‐3‐rich Isochrysis sp. biomass enhances brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and improves serum lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats

“…46 A recent study showed that a diet rich in microalgal-derived PUFAs and fish-oil-derived PUFAs improved the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory marker IL-6 in experimental rats. 47 Our results are on par with these previous reports, which showed decreased TNF-expression and improved IL-6 mRNA expression in microalgal-and fish-oil-treated rats. These results provide clear evidence that microalgal supplementation improves anti-inflammatory markers and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats.…”

Nannochloropsis oceanica as a Microalgal Food Intervention in Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

“…Marine fatty fish such as salmon, mullet and mackerel are the main sources of EPA and DHA for human consumption [37]. However, due to the excessive and sometimes poorly regulated fishing industry, the depletion of worldwide fish stocks is straining the sustainability of production of omega-3 long-chain PUFA [38]. In contrast, microalga can be used for sustainable production of omega-3 PUFA [39] and so can be an important PUFA source for farmed fish [11,12].…”

Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation improves growth, immune response, intestinal integrity, and disease resistance of Nile Tilapia

“…in aquafeed. Our findings might be attributed to the bioactive constituents of the microalgae, especially DHA, which is postulated to boost the activity of detoxification enzymes in the liver and so maintain functional fish enzymes with subsequent inhibition of the hepatic and renal damage (Talpur et al 2013; Lopes et al 2017). Our results support that N. oculata in fish diets is safe and induces no adverse effects on hepatic health.…”