Market Opportunities and Regulatory Framework Conditions for Stationary Battery Storage Systems in Germany

Implementation of large-scale Li-ion battery energy storage systems within the EMEA region

“…With regard to technological specifications and developments of Li-ion batteries, [19] and [20] provided a detailed review of the state-of-the-art. When it comes to potential applications of [21] and [22], but also focused on specific use-cases such as frequency regulation [23] or capacity reserve [24]. Considering the regulatory framework, [25] provided relevant discussion points for the required policies within the European Union in order to ease the integration of storage technologies.…”

Techno-Economic Assessment of Flexibility Options Versus Grid Expansion in Distribution Grids

“…The applications of the BSS are system supportive primary control reserve (PCR) and grid supportive community electricity storage (CES) [5]. The last two applications are reported to be the most common and profitable ones in the German energy market, especially PCR without additional reactive power control, due to the mature regulatory framework [2], [6], [7]. However, none of the publications [8], [9], [10] consider the possibility to peruse a viable business model using an active power operation based strategy and additionally a reactive power control to increase the hosting capacity of a distribution grid, in spite of the recommendation of [11] to use BSS as Volt/Var control devices.…”