Market reforms and corruption in Latin America: New means for old ways

Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries

“…What it means; the political elite, the politically mobilized citizenry or the whole population? According to last and third approach, the corrupt acts are those; (i) that violate some specific rules through which the public duties should be performed (ii) illegal exchanges of political goods for private benefits [Manzetti and Blake, 1996].…”

“…First it has difference between private sector and public sector [Palmier 1985]. Second is the involvement of an exchange; one party offers incentives to a public official in return for special policy or administrative advantage or "political goods" [Manzetti and Blake, 1996]. The last element that must be the part of a comprehensive definition of corruption is that such exchanges (mentioned in second) are improper, means they deviate from existing values.…”

Corruption, Economic Satisfaction, and Confidence in Government Evidence From Argentina

“…Research by Mauro (1997) Manzetti (1994) and Manzetti & Blake (1996) has shown, for example, that corruption reduces growth and investment. While the economic effects of corruption are well documented, the political effects of government corruption are less clear.…”

Government Policies and Micro Lending in Emerging Markets

“…Bribes are sometimes a useful means of avoiding onerous regulations. Numerous studies, such as Manzetti and Blake (1996), found that extensive government control and regulation provide an environment ripe for corruption. Hartarska and Nadolnyak (2007) point to the danger of regulatory capture whereby regulated MFIs may support government measures to keep out potential competitors.…”