“…Most CE publications leverage consumers' interactive experiences on digital platforms, for example, social media platforms and virtual brand communities, to obtain data for their research (Barari et al, 2021; Brodie et al, 2013; Saikia & Bhattacharjee, 2023). These investigations have demonstrated that consumers tend to direct their resources in online interactions, like interacting with peers and participating in discussions on a web site or ChatGPT platform (Calder et al, 2009; Paul et al, 2023), and develop brand‐related sense‐making (Hollebeek & Macky, 2019), resulting in buying behavior, customer referral behavior, customer‐to‐customer interactions, word‐of‐mouth activity, and/or blogging activity, brand love, and other consumer‐based brand equity (Arya et al, 2022; Joshi & Garg, 2021; Kumar et al, 2010; Van Doorn et al, 2010). Other scholars (e.g., Baldus et al, 2015; Raïes et al, 2015) pointed out that consumers develop CE by participating in online brand‐related activities and discussions and forming a brand community to conduct activities such as seeking assistance, like‐minded discussion, and self‐expression.…”