“…This practice differs from untargeted approaches to reduce churn, which aim at increasing satisfaction and switching costs across all customers, or from reactive churn management programs, in which firms wait for customers to churn (or attempt to churn) before offering them incentives to stay(Blattberg, Kim, and Neslin 2008). 2 For a review of the broader literature on customer retention (beyond proactive churn management), refer toAscarza, Fader, and Hardie (2017) andAscarza, Neslin, et al (2017).3 Unlike purchasing, customers can only churn once, limiting the number of observations per customer. Moreover, most firms do not vary their proactive retention strategies as often as marketing variables change in other contexts (e.g., price, display).…”