Mars and Venus at Twilight: A Critical Investigation of Moralism, Age Effects, and Sex Differences

Aldrich, Daniel P.; Kage, Rieko

doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00315

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In this way, the interaction effects of age, work experience, education and gender can be analyzed. Studies exist that found the collective effects of sex, age, work experience, and education to be a better predictor of morality than the main effects (e.g., Aldrich and Kage, 2003;Forte, 2004;Kohut and Corriher, 1994;Kujala and Pietiläinen, 2004). Although these studies treat gender as a dichotomous categorical variable, they present valid arguments for exploring interaction effects.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘The Business of Ethics and Gender’

2006

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Unethical decision-making behavior within organizations has received increasing attention over the past ten years. As a result, a plethora of studies have examined the relationship between gender and business ethics. However, these studies report conflicting results as to whether or not men and women differ with regards to business ethics. In this article, we propose that gender identity theory [Spence: 1993, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 624-635], provides both the theory and empirical measures to explore the influence of psychological gender traits and gender-role attitudes on ethical perceptions of workplace behaviors. Statistical analyses of the data reveal that based on sex alone, no differences occur between men and women in their ethical perceptions. Yet, when a multidimensional approach to gender is applied, results show that expressive traits and egalitarian gender-role attitudes contribute to both men's and women's propensity to perceive unethical workplace behaviors as unethical. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are presented.

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Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘The Business of Ethics and Gender’

2006

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“…These differences led Gilligan to describe two divergent modes of moral reasoning: an ethic of care and an ethic of justice (Gump et al 2000). Other studies confirmed these differences in various tests for evaluating moral judgment (Aldrich and Kage 2003;Bjorklund 2003;Eisenman 1967;Gump et al 2000;Indick et al 2000;Skoe 1995). Despite these reports, others found no gender differences (Brabeck and Shore 2003;Jaffee and Hyde 2000;Keasey 1972;Lifton 1985;McGraw and Bloomfield 1987), leaving this topic open to debate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-related differences in moral judgments

et al. 2009

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The moral sense is among the most complex aspects of the human mind. Despite substantial evidence confirming gender-related neurobiological and behavioral differences, and psychological research suggesting gender specificities in moral development, whether these differences arise from cultural effects or are innate remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of gender, education (general education and health education) and religious belief (Catholic and non-Catholic) on moral choices by testing 50 men and 50 women with a moral judgment task. Whereas we found no differences between the two genders in utilitarian responses to non-moral dilemmas and to impersonal moral dilemmas, men gave significantly more utilitarian answers to personal moral (PM) dilemmas (i.e., those courses of action whose endorsement involves highly emotional decisions). Cultural factors such as education and religion had no effect on performance in the moral judgment task. These findings suggest that the cognitive-emotional processes involved in evaluating PM dilemmas differ in men and in women, possibly reflecting differences in the underlying neural mechanisms. Gender-related determinants of moral behavior may partly explain gender differences in real-life involving power management, economic decision-making, leadership and possibly also aggressive and criminal behaviors.

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“…Still other research has found a curvilinear relationship between age and moral philosophy (Pratt, Golding, & Hunter, 1984), with the selection of moral principles that are associated with higher levels of moral development increasing during adolescence and throughout early adulthood (see Armon & Dawson, 1997;Colby & Kohlberg, 1987;Dawson, 2002;Czyzowska & Niemczynski, 1996) and seeming to decrease somewhat in old age (Pratt, Golding, Hunter and Norris, 1988; see also Aldrich & Kage, 2003). Further, in their research assessing moral thinking in a sample aged 14 to 92 years, Pratt, et al found that their participants aged 75 or older showed significantly lower stages of moral development than did their younger participants.…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Similarly, Subjectivism (i.e., low idealism and high relativism) does not reject a behavior because negative consequences may ensue, but it eschews the notion of universal moral principles, believing all moral decisions to be (not surprisingly) subjective. 1 While some differences emerge in these approaches to the general descriptions of moral philosophies, there are more similarities that underscore these schools of thought. The following, as summarized in Catano, Kelloway, & Adams-Roy (2000) represent the major moral principles that are assumed to guide moral decision making:…”

Section: Major Taxonomies Of Moral Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving ethical dilemmas: Exploring the role of moral principles

Blais¹,

Thompsom²

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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……..We sought to answer two questions via this exploratory study. First, we investigated whether or not individual differences in moral principle selection/preference existed in response to six moral dilemmas. Second, we sought to find out whether they were related to the demographic variables of sex and age. As part of a larger study on moral decision making, 64 participants read and reflected upon six ethical dilemmas, rated the extent to which 5 moral principles influenced their decisions regarding these dilemmas, and selected their preferred courses of action in response to each dilemma. Results of multilevel analyses suggest that there was significant within-and between-subjects variability in the extent to which the participants relied on various moral principles to resolve the dilemmas. That is, clear individual differences existed in the moral principles that the participants reported had guided their moral responses to the dilemmas. We also found that different moral principles were invoked to differing extents depending on the domain of the decision (non-moral, military moral and non-military moral). Of the individual difference variables assessed here, results revealed that age was a significant predictor of moral principle preference, with older adults being more likely to use virtue-and care-based principles than did younger adults. Sex was not significantly associated with moral principle selection. We discuss the potential implications of individual differences in the use of moral principles and offer directions for future research in this area. Résumé ….....La présente étude exploratoire visait à répondre à deux questions. En premier lieu, nous avons voulu savoir s'il existait des différences d'un individu à l'autre dans les préférences ou le choix de principes moraux utilisés dans la prise de décision face à six dilemmes moraux. En second lieu, nous nous sommes demandé dans quelle mesure, lorsque de telles différences existent entre les individus, celles-ci sont-elles liées aux variables démographiques que sont l'âge et le sexe. Dans le cadre d'une étude plus vaste portant sur le processus de prise de décision morale, 64 participants ont lu six dilemmes éthiques afin d'y réfléchir et d'évaluer dans quelle mesure cinq principes moraux influençaient leur décision face à ces dilemmes. Ils ont ensuite indiqué quelles étaient leurs lignes de conduite de prédilection face à chacun des dilemmes. Les résultats des analyses à niveaux multiples suggèrent qu'il existait des variations chez un même sujet et entre les sujets en ce qui a trait à l'importance qu'accordaient les participants à la portée des différents principes moraux pour résoudre ces dilemmes. Ce qui signifie qu'il existait des différences claires d'un individu à l'autre dans les principes moraux que les participants disaient avoir utilisés pour guider leur réponse morale à chacun des dilemmes. Nous avons également découvert que différents principes moraux ont été évoqués dans différentes mesures selon le domaine de décision (non lié...

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Mars and Venus at Twilight: A Critical Investigation of Moralism, Age Effects, and Sex Differences

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

‘The Business of Ethics and Gender’

‘The Business of Ethics and Gender’

Gender-related differences in moral judgments

Resolving ethical dilemmas: Exploring the role of moral principles

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