Mars

McSween, H. Y.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00125-x

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 356 publications

(416 reference statements)

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“…Our understanding of Mars has seen significant improvements in recent years owing to the study of meteorites (see McSween and McLennan [] for a data compilation) and development of orbiters and rovers (see McSween [] for a review). This has led to a considerable advancement in high‐resolution topographic maps [ Bibring et al ., ] as well as understanding of the composition and physical processes associated to the Martian surface [e.g., Squyres et al ., ; Stolper et al ., ; Sautter et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectra of Martian glass analogues: A tool to approximate their chemical composition

et al. 2016

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Raman spectrometers will form a key component of the analytical suite of future planetary rovers intended to investigate geological processes on Mars. In order to expand the applicability of these spectrometers and use them as analytical tools for the investigation of silicate glasses, a database correlating Raman spectra to glass composition is crucial. Here we investigate the effect of the chemical composition of reduced silicate glasses on their Raman spectra. A range of compositions was generated in a diffusion experiment between two distinct, iron‐rich end‐members (a basalt and a peralkaline rhyolite), which are representative of the anticipated compositions of Martian rocks. Our results show that for silica‐poor (depolymerized) compositions the band intensity increases dramatically in the regions between 550–780 cm−1 and 820–980 cm−1. On the other hand, Raman spectra regions between 250–550 cm−1 and 1000–1250 cm−1 are well developed in silica‐rich (highly polymerized) systems. Further, spectral intensity increases at ~965 cm−1 related to the high iron content of these glasses (~7–17 wt % of FeOtot). Based on the acquired Raman spectra and an ideal mixing equation between the two end‐members we present an empirical parameterization that enables the estimation of the chemical compositions of silicate glasses within this range. The model is validated using external samples for which chemical composition and Raman spectra were characterized independently. Applications of this model range from microanalysis of dry and hydrous silicate glasses (e.g., melt inclusions) to in situ field investigations and studies under extreme conditions such as extraterrestrial (i.e., Mars) and submarine volcanic environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectra of Martian glass analogues: A tool to approximate their chemical composition

et al. 2016

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“…On Mars, the mafic composition of primary rocks is inferred from studies of Martian meteorites; in situ analyses by the Viking, Mars Exploration Rover (MER), and Mars Science Laboratory (the Curiosity rover) missions; and remote sensing data (Banin et al, 1992;Blake et al, 2013;Clark et al, 1982;McSween and McLennan, 2014;McSween et al, 2006aMcSween et al, ,b, 2008Mustard et al, 2005;Rieder et al, 2004). On Mars, the mafic composition of primary rocks is inferred from studies of Martian meteorites; in situ analyses by the Viking, Mars Exploration Rover (MER), and Mars Science Laboratory (the Curiosity rover) missions; and remote sensing data (Banin et al, 1992;Blake et al, 2013;Clark et al, 1982;McSween and McLennan, 2014;McSween et al, 2006aMcSween et al, ,b, 2008Mustard et al, 2005;Rieder et al, 2004).…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Signs Of Surface Rock Alterationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c Near the surface, O 2 pressure is evaluated as 10 À21 bar (Fegley et al, 1997b;Zolotov, 1996). Sources: Esposito et al (1997), Encrenaz et al (2012), Fegley (2014), Krasnopolsky and Feldman (2001), Krasnopolsky et al (2004), Krasnopolsky (2010), Krasnopolsky (2011), McSween and McLennan (2014), Webster et al (2013), and Owen (1992). e D/H ratios for Venus represent Pioneer Venus in situ measurements and ground spectroscopy, respectively.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Signs Of Surface Rock Alterationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Planet–Atmosphere Interactions

Zolotov

2015

Treatise on Geophysics

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“…Key new specimens include: (1) Northwest Africa (NWA) 7034: the first discovery of a Martian breccia with an ancient age and containing clasts with a range of alkaline compositions; (2) Tissint: the first observed fall of a Martian meteorite in ~50 years, which was recovered before significant terrestrial contamination could occur; (3) several basaltic meteorites with more diverse ages from the Early Amazonian period of Martian history than those already recognized, and new geochemical analyses of all the meteorites revealing multiple mantle source regions. However, as summarized by McSween and McLennan () (and see the discussion under Objective 3 of this report), the population of Mars meteorites currently in our collections represents a small number of ejection events. For each such event, there is a small grouping of samples that are related to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return

Beaty¹,

Grady²,

McSween³

et al. 2019

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Executive Summary Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re‐evaluate and update the sample‐related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub‐objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub‐Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST This objective is divided into five sub‐objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. This objective has three sub‐objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre‐biotic chemistry. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Summary of iMOST Findings Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M‐2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity...

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Mars

Cited by 49 publications

References 356 publications

Raman spectra of Martian glass analogues: A tool to approximate their chemical composition

Raman spectra of Martian glass analogues: A tool to approximate their chemical composition

Solid Planet–Atmosphere Interactions

The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return

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