Martens Hardness of CAD/CAM Resin-Based Composites

Rosentritt, Martin; Hahnel, Sebastian; Schneider-Feyrer, Sibylle; Strasser, Thomas; Schmid, Alois

doi:10.3390/app12157698

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The null hypothesis tested in this study was rejected because there were several significant differences between the evaluated parameters of the tested CAD/CAM materials both initially and after aging. Indeed, the highest FS values was observed in Grandio (324.7 MPa), followed by Shofu (164.3 MPa) and Vita (161.1 MPa), and the FS values were in accordance with those provided by the manufacturers (Grandio 330 MPa, Shofu 170-190 MPa, Vita 150-160 MPa) [7,15,36]. Shofu exhibited significantly greater FS values than Vita, but these results are in contrast to the results reported in a previous study [34], where Shofu showed comparable FS values to Vita.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The hardness and modulus of elasticity of some CAD/CAM ceramics may resemble those of enamel (1.1-4.9 GPa and 50-120 GPa, respectively), while those of some CAD/CAM composites may be comparable to those of dentin (0.3-0.7 GPa and 10-40 GPa, respectively) [6]. Indeed, it has been reported that restorations of posterior teeth performed with CAD/CAM composites cause less abnormal tooth wear; they represent the main choice for the restoration of teeth in patients affected by bruxism [7,8]. Glassceramics, as well as glass-free-ceramics, exhibit values of the flexural modulus (Ef) and Vickers hardness that are considerably higher than those of resin composites (≥60 GPa, >4 GPa versus 9-20 GPa, 0.4 GPa, respectively) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Physical–Chemical Properties of Contemporary CAD/CAM Materials with Chromatic Transition “Multicolor”

et al. 2023

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The use of materials for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has been rapidly increasing in daily practice. However, one of the main issues regarding modern CAD/CAM materials is their aging in the oral environment, which may lead to significant changes in their overall properties. The aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength, water sorption, cross-link density (softening ratio%), surface roughness, and SEM analysis of three modern CAD/CAM “multicolor” composites. Grandio (Grandio disc multicolor—VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Shofu (Shofu Block HC—Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Vita (Vita Enamic multiColor—Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were tested in this study. They were prepared in stick-shaped specimens and submitted to different tests after several aging protocols, such as thermocycling and mechanical cycle loading challenge. Further disc-shaped specimens were also created and tested for water sorption, cross-link density, surface roughness, and SEM ultramorphology, before and after storage in an ethanol-based solution. For flexural strength and ultimate tensile strength, Grandio showed the greatest values both at baseline and after aging (p < 0.05). Grandio and Vita Enamic presented the highest modulus of elasticity and the lowest water sorption (p < 0.05). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in microhardness after ethanol storage (softening ratio%) was observed especially in Shofu. Grandio had the lowest roughness parameters compared to the other tested CAD/CAM materials, while ethanol storage significantly increased the Ra and RSm values in Shofu (p < 0.05). Despite the comparable modulus of elasticity of Vita and Grandio, this latter showed greater flexural strength and ultimate tensile strength both at baseline and after aging. Hence, Grandio and Vita Enamic may be employed for the anterior teeth and for those restorations requiring load-bearing capacity. Conversely, aging seems to affect several properties of Shofu, so its use for permanent restorations should be well-pondered based on the clinical situation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Physical–Chemical Properties of Contemporary CAD/CAM Materials with Chromatic Transition “Multicolor”

et al. 2023

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“…Since H IT shows a similar behavior and ranking as HM, a high proportion of plastic deformation is to be assumed for all materials. The elastic proportion is to be classified as low, especially for parts of the printed materials [ 40 ]. The highest stability under clinical bruxism loadings might be expected for CAM and astonishingly one printed system PL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only for two printed materials a higher value could be identified. Since the creep behavior C IT describes the further deformation of the material under constant force, the indentation depth for these materials increases under load [ 40 ]. Under clinical conditions with continuous load, such as bruxism, the deformations for these materials would therefore be higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of storage and toothbrush simulation on Martens hardness of CAD/CAM, hand-cast, thermoforming, and 3D-printed splint materials

Rosentritt,

Hickl,

Rauch

et al. 2023

Clin Oral Invest

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Objectives To investigate Martens hardness parameters of splint materials after storage in liquids and toothbrush simulation. Materials and methods Ten specimens per material and group were fabricated (hand-cast CAST, thermoformed TF, CAD/CAM-milled CAM, 3D-printed PS, PL, PK, PV), stored in air, water, coffee, red wine, and cleaning tablets and investigated after fabrication, 24 h, 2- and 4-week storage or toothbrushing. Martens hardness (HM), indentation hardness (HIT), indentation modulus (EIT), the elastic part of indentation work (ηIT), and indentation creep (CIT) were calculated (ISO 14577-1). Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, between-subjects effects, Pearson correlation (α = 0.05). Results HM varied between 30.8 N/mm2 for PS (water 4 weeks) and 164.0 N/mm2 for CAM (toothbrush). HIT values between 34.9 N/mm2 for PS (water 4 weeks) and 238.9 N/mm2 for CAM (toothbrush) were found. EIT varied between 4.3 kN/mm2 for CAM (toothbrush) and 1.8 kN/mm2 for PK (water 2 weeks). ηIT was found to vary between 16.9% for PS (water 4 weeks) and 42.8% for PL (toothbrush). CIT varied between 2.5% for PL (toothbrush) and 11.4% for PS (water 4 weeks). The highest impact was identified for the material (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Storage and toothbrushing influenced Martens parameters. The properties of splints can be influenced by the choice of materials, based on different elastic and viscoelastic parameters. High HM and EIT and low CIT might be beneficial for splint applications. Clinical relevance Martens parameters HM, EIT, and CIT might help to evaluate clinically relevant splint properties such as hardness, elasticity, and creep.

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“…It can be noted that the filler loading has more influential effect after 3 months storage than at dry condition except for PICN which showed lowest and significantly different nanonindentation creep after 24 h dry storage in agreement with similar studies [ 21 , 41 , 42 ]. The filler microstructure (volume percent, size and distribution) and resin matrix composition can influence the viscoelastic stability and mechanical properties of composite materials [ 43 , 44 ]; PICN (EN) showed the lowest nanoindentation creep at both storage conditions (24 h dry and 3 months water storage) and this can be attributed to the three dimensional skeleton provided by filler and resin matrix infiltration as compared to other CAD-CAM composite blocks [ 45 ], and it reflects the material stability under loads especially in cases of bruxism where ceramics might fail due to brittleness [ 46 ]. There was a significant negative correlation between both nanoindentation creep (µm) and nanohardness (GPa) at 24 h dry storage ( P = 0.009, R 2 = 0.77) and nanoindentation creep (µm) and elastic modulus (GPa) at 24 h dry storage (P = 0.006, R 2 = 0.80).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of water storage on nanoindentation creep of various CAD-CAM composite blocks

et al. 2023

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Background To study the effect of water storage (3 months) on the creep deformation of various CAD-CAM composite structures at the nanoscale and compare it to that at the macroscale. Methods Seven CAD-CAM blocks were investigated: five resin-composite blocks (RCB), one polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) block, and one ceramic-filled polyetheretherketone (PEEK) block. Specimens of each material (n = 6) were separated into two groups (n = 3) according to their storage conditions (24 h dry storage at 23˚C and 3 months storage in 37˚C distilled water). Nano-indentation creep measurements were undertaken (creep depth measured in µm) using a nanoindenter (Nanovea) equipped with Berkovich three-sided pyramidal diamond tip. The machine was set for the chosen parameters: a load of 20 gf, a pause of 20 s, and the material type. Thirty indentations on 3 samples were made for each material for each test. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests and independent t-test (< 0.05) for comparisons between the materials. Results The nanoindentation creep depth after 24 h storage ranged from 0.09 to 0.33 μm and increased after 3 months storage in distilled water to between 0.28 and 3.46 μm. There was a statistically significant difference in nanoindentation creep behaviour between the two storage conditions for each investigated material (independent t-test) and between all materials (Bonferroni post hoc). There was a non-significant negative correlation between nanoindentation creep (µm) and filler weight% at 24 h dry storage but a significant correlation at 3 months of water storage. A further non-significant positive correlation between nanoindentation creep (µm) and bulk compressive creep (%) was found. Conclusion The PICN material showed superior dimensional stability in terms of nanoindentation creep depth in both storage conditions. Other composite blocks showed comparable performance at 24 h dry condition, but an increased nanoindentation creep upon water storage.

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Martens Hardness of CAD/CAM Resin-Based Composites

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Evaluation of Physical–Chemical Properties of Contemporary CAD/CAM Materials with Chromatic Transition “Multicolor”

Evaluation of Physical–Chemical Properties of Contemporary CAD/CAM Materials with Chromatic Transition “Multicolor”

Effects of storage and toothbrush simulation on Martens hardness of CAD/CAM, hand-cast, thermoforming, and 3D-printed splint materials

The effect of water storage on nanoindentation creep of various CAD-CAM composite blocks

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