“Martyrs for God and Spain”. National Martyrdom in Spain from the Civil War to the Historical Memory Law

Abstract

The article considers the ideology of national martyrdom in 20th century Spain, especially the cult of “martyrs for God and Spain” spread during the period of Spanish Civil War (1939–1939) and the reign of caudillo Francisco Franco (1939–1975). The author reasons that, as a mechanism for legitimization and mobilization, the idea of martyrdom for the nation was one of the integral parts of Francoist regime. The origins of this idea are traced back to several sources: “old” national martyrdom of 19th century Spain, associated with its struggle for independence from France, the sacrificial culture of local groups such as the Carlist and Jesuits, the ideology of the fascist Spanish Phalanx and some theological concepts put forward by distinguished Roman Catholic bishops in Spain. Particular attention is given to the discourse of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of Spanish fascism, who cultivated a “spirit of sacrifice” and promoted the veneration of dead Falangists as martyrs. Theory and practice of martyrdom in the Civil War are examined in relation to its conceptualization as a “Crusade”, which contributed to the junction between the images of military hero and martyr. After the end of war, this militaristic ideology became routinized and more peaceful, although preserving its unifying force. The article's final section examines the issues associated with the Valley of the Fallen memorial and the recent politics of “demartyrization” as part of overcoming the legacy of dictatorial rule. The author concludes that as long as José Antonio's body remain at the center of the Valley, state policy on “historical memory” and the cult of martyrs would remain conceptually incomplete.

Analisis Keabsahan Pernikahan Campuran Sesama Jenis di Luar Negeri Ditinjau dari Hukum Perdata Nasional

“…Pasal ini memberikan penjelasan yang jelas mengenai persyaratan untuk perkawinan yang sah. Untuk memastikan bahwa warga negara Indonesia mematuhi peraturan-peraturan ini, pasal ini menekankan pentingnya mengikuti prosedur hukum di negara tempat pernikahan dilangsungkan dan ketentuanketentuan dalam Undang-Undang Perkawinan (Zygmont, 2023).…”